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iPod nano User Guide2 2 Contents Preface 4 About iPod nano Chapter 1 6 iPod nano Basics 6 iPod nano at a Glance 7 Using iPod nano Controls 11 Using iPod nano Menus 13 Disabling iPod nano Controls 14 Connecting and Disconnecting iPod nano 17 About the iPod nano Battery Chapter 2 20 Setting Up iPod nano 20 Using iTunes 21 Importing Music into Your iTunes Library 24 Organizing Your Music 25 Using Genius in iTunes 26 Purchasing or Renting Videos and Downloading Video Podcasts 27 Adding Music to iPod nano 31 Adding Videos to iPod nano Chapter 3 34 Listening to Music 34 Playing Music and Other Audio 38 Using Genius on iPod nano 39 Setting iPod nano to Shuffle Songs 42 Watching and Listening to Podcasts 43 Listening to Audiobooks 43 Listening to FM Radio Chapter 4 44 Watching Videos 44 Watching and Listening to Videos on iPod nano 45 Watching Videos on a TV Connected to iPod nano Chapter 5 47 Photo Features 47 Importing PhotosContents 3 50 Viewing Photos Chapter 6 53 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories 53 Using iPod nano as an External Disk 54 Using Extra Settings 58 Syncing Contacts, Calendars, and To-Do Lists 60 Storing and Reading Notes 60 Recording Voice Memos 61 Using Spoken Menus for Accessibility 62 Learning About iPod nano Accessories Chapter 7 64 Tips and Troubleshooting 64 General Suggestions 69 Updating and Restoring iPod Software Chapter 8 70 Safety and Cleaning 70 Important Safety Information 72 Important Handling Information Chapter 9 73 Learning More, Service, and Support Index 76Preface 4 About iPod nano Congratulations on choosing iPod nano. With iPod nano, you can take your music, video, and photo collections with you wherever you go. To use iPod nano, you put music, videos, photos, and other files on your computer and then add them to iPod nano. Read this guide to learn how to:  Set up iPod nano to play music, music videos, movies, TV shows, podcasts, audiobooks, and more.  Use iPod nano as your pocket photo album, portable hard drive, alarm clock, game console, and voice memo recorder.  View video and photo slideshows on your TV.  Get the most out of all the features in iPod nano.Preface About iPod nano 5 What’s New in iPod nano  Genius, which automatically creates playlists of songs from your library that go great together  A motion sensor that lets you control certain functions by rotating or shaking iPod nano  Full-screen photo viewing in portrait or landscape format  Quick browsing for songs based on the album or artist you’re listening to  Direct access to more options from the Now Playing screen  New voice recording options  Improved accessibility with spoken menus1 6 1 iPod nano Basics Read this chapter to learn about the features of iPod nano, how to use its controls, and more. iPod nano at a Glance Get to know the controls on iPod nano: Dock connector Menu Previous/Rewind Play/Pause Hold switch Headphones port Click Wheel Next/Fast-forward Center buttonChapter 1 iPod nano Basics 7 Using iPod nano Controls The controls on iPod nano are easy to find and use. Press any button to turn on iPod nano. The main menu appears. Use the Click Wheel and Center button to navigate through onscreen menus, play songs, change settings, and get information. Move your thumb lightly around the Click Wheel to select a menu item. To choose the item, press the Center button. To go back to the previous menu, press Menu on the Click Wheel. Here’s what else you can do with iPod nano controls. To Do this Turn on iPod nano Press any button. Turn off iPod nano Press and hold Play/Pause (’). Turn on the backlight Press any button or use the Click Wheel. Disable the iPod nano controls (so nothing happens if you press them accidentally) Slide the Hold switch to HOLD (an orange bar appears). Reset iPod nano (if it isn’t responding) Slide the Hold switch to HOLD and back again. Press the Menu and Center buttons at the same time for about 6 seconds, until the Apple logo appears. Choose a menu item Scroll to the item and press the Center button. Go back to the previous menu Press Menu. Go directly to the main menu Press and hold Menu. Browse for a song From the main menu, choose Music. Browse for a video From the main menu, choose Videos. Play a song or video Select the song or video and press the Center button or Play/Pause (’). iPod nano must be ejected from your computer to play songs and videos. Pause a song or video Press Play/Pause (’) or unplug your headphones. Change the volume From the Now Playing screen, use the Click Wheel.8 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics Play all the songs in a playlist or album Select the playlist or album and press Play/Pause (’). Play all songs in random order From the main menu, choose Shuffle Songs. You can also shuffle songs by shaking iPod nano. Enable or disable Shake for shuffling songs Choose Settings > Playback, choose Shake, and then select Shuffle or Off. Skip to any point in a song or video From the Now Playing screen, press the Center button to show the scrubber bar (a diamond icon on the bar shows the current location), and then scroll to any point in the song or video. Skip to the next song or chapter in an audiobook or podcast Press Next/Fast-forward (‘). Start a song or video over Press Previous/Rewind (]). Play the previous song or chapter in an audiobook or podcast Press Previous/Rewind (]) twice. Fast-forward or rewind a song Press and hold Next/Fast-forward (‘) or Previous/Rewind (]). Create a Genius playlist Play or select a song, and then press and hold the Center button until a menu appears. Select Start Genius, and then press the Center button (Start Genius appears only if there is Genius data for the song). Save a Genius playlist Create a Genius playlist, select Save Playlist, and then press the Center button. Play a saved Genius playlist From the Playlist menu, select a Genius playlist, and then press Play/Pause (’). Add a song to the On-The-Go playlist Play or select a song, and then press and hold the Center button until a menu appears. Select “Add to On-The-Go,” and then press the Center button. Access additional options Press and hold the Center button until a menu appears. Find the iPod nano serial number From the main menu, choose Settings > About and press the Center button until you see the serial number, or look on the back of iPod nano. To Do thisChapter 1 iPod nano Basics 9 Browsing Music Using Cover Flow You can browse your music collection using Cover Flow, a visual way to flip through your library. Cover Flow displays your albums alphabetically by artist name. You can activate Cover Flow from the main menu, any music menu, or the Now Playing screen. To use Cover Flow: 1 Rotate iPod nano 90 degrees to the left or the right. Cover Flow appears. 2 Use the Click Wheel to move through your album art. 3 Select an album and press the Center button. 4 Use the Click Wheel to select a song, and then press the Center button to play it. You can also browse quickly through your albums in Cover Flow by moving your thumb quickly on the Click Wheel. Note: Not all languages are supported. To browse quickly in Cover Flow: 1 Move your thumb quickly on the Click Wheel, to display a letter of the alphabet on the screen. 2 Use the Click Wheel to navigate through the alphabet until you find the first letter of the artist you’re looking for.10 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics Albums by various artists and by artists beginning with a symbol or number appear after the letter “Z.” 3 Lift your thumb momentarily to return to normal browsing. 4 Select an album and press the Center button. 5 Use the Click Wheel to select a song, and then press the Center button to play it. Scrolling Quickly Through Long Lists You can scroll quickly through a long list by moving your thumb quickly on the Click Wheel. Note: Not all languages are supported. To scroll quickly: 1 Move your thumb quickly on the Click Wheel, to display a letter of the alphabet on the screen. 2 Use the Click Wheel to navigate through the alphabet until you find the first letter of the item you’re looking for. Items beginning with a symbol or number appear after the letter “Z.” 3 Lift your thumb momentarily to return to normal scrolling. 4 Use the Click Wheel to navigate to the item you want. Searching Music You can search iPod nano for songs, playlists, album titles, artist names, audio podcasts, and audiobooks. The search feature doesn’t search videos, notes, calendar items, contacts, or lyrics. Note: Not all languages are supported. To search for music: 1 From the Music menu, choose Search. 2 Enter a search string by using the Click Wheel to navigate the alphabet and pressing the Center button to enter each character. iPod nano starts searching as soon as you enter the first character, displaying the results on the search screen. For example, if you enter “b,” iPod nano displays all music items containing the letter “b.” If you enter “ab,” iPod nano displays all items containing that sequence of letters. To enter a space, press the Next/Fast-forward button. To delete the previous character, press the Previous/Rewind button. 3 Press Menu to display the results list, which you can now navigate. Items appear in the results list with icons identifying their type: song, video, artist, album, audiobook, or podcast. Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics 11 To return to Search (if Search is highlighted in the menu), press the Center button. Using iPod nano Menus When you turn on iPod nano, you see the main menu. Choose menu items to perform functions or go to other menus. Icons along the top of the screen show iPod nano status. Adding or Removing Items on the Main Menu You might want to add often-used items to the iPod nano main menu. For example, you can add a Songs item to the main menu, so you don’t have to choose Music before you choose Songs. To add or remove items on the main menu: 1 Choose Settings > General > Main Menu. 2 Select each item you want to appear in the main menu. A checkmark indicates which items have been added. Display item Function Menu title Displays the title of the current menu. Lock icon The Lock icon appears when the Hold switch (on the top of iPod nano) is set to HOLD. This indicates that the iPod nano controls are disabled. Play icon The Play (“) icon appears when a song, video, or other item is playing. The Pause (1) icon appears when the item is paused. Battery icon The Battery icon shows the approximate remaining battery charge. Menu items Use the Click Wheel to scroll through menu items. Press the Center button to choose an item. An arrow next to a menu item indicates that choosing it leads to another menu or screen. Preview panel Displays album art, photos, and other items and information relating to the menu item selected. Menu title Lock icon Battery icon Menu items Preview panel Play icon12 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics Turning Off the Preview Panel The preview panel at the bottom of the main menu, which displays album art, photo thumbnails, available storage, and other information, can be turned off to allow more space for menu items. To turn off the preview panel: m Choose Settings > General > Main Menu > Preview Panel and then choose Off. To turn the preview panel on again, choose Settings > General > Main Menu > Preview Panel, and then choose On. The preview panel only displays art for a category if iPod nano contains at least four items with art in the category. Setting the Font Size in Menus iPod nano can display text in two different sizes, standard and large. To set the font size: m Choose Settings > General > Font Size, and then press the Center button to select Standard or Large. Setting the Language iPod nano can be set to use different languages. To set the language: m Choose Settings > Language, and then choose a language from the list. Setting the Backlight Timer You can set the backlight to turn on and illuminate the screen for a certain amount of time when you press a button or use the Click Wheel. The default is 10 seconds. To set the backlight timer: m Choose Settings > General > Backlight Timer, and then choose the time you want. Choose “Always On” to prevent the backlight from turning off (choosing this option decreases battery performance). Setting the Screen Brightness You can adjust the brightness of the iPod nano screen by moving a slider. To set the screen brightness: m Choose Settings > General > Brightness, and then use the Click Wheel to move the slider. Moving it to the left dims the screen; moving it to the right increases the screen brightness. You can also set the brightness during a slideshow or video. Press the Center button to display or dismiss the brightness slider.Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics 13 Turning Off the Click Wheel Sound When you scroll through menu items, you can hear a clicking sound through the headphones and through the iPod nano internal speaker. If you like, you can turn off the Click Wheel sound through the headphones, the speaker, or both. To turn off the Click Wheel sound: m Choose Settings > General and set Clicker to Off. To turn the Click Wheel sound on again, set Clicker to Speaker, Headphones, or Both. Getting Information About iPod nano You can get details about your iPod nano, such as the amount of space available, the number of songs, videos, photos, and other items, and the serial number, model, and software version. To get information about iPod nano: m Choose Settings > About, and press the Center button to cycle through the screens of information. Resetting All Settings You can reset all the items on the Settings menu to their default setting. To reset all settings: m Choose Settings > Reset Settings, and then choose Reset. Disabling iPod nano Controls If you don’t want to turn iPod nano on or activate controls accidentally, you can disable them with the Hold switch. The Hold switch disables all Click Wheel controls, and also disables functions that are activated by movement, such as shaking to shuffle and rotating to enter or exit Cover Flow. To disable iPod nano controls: m Slide the Hold switch to HOLD (so you can see the orange bar).14 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics If you disable the controls while using iPod nano, the song, playlist, podcast, or video that’s playing continues to play. To stop or pause, slide the Hold switch to enable the controls again. Connecting and Disconnecting iPod nano You connect iPod nano to your computer to add music, videos, photos, and files, and to charge the battery. Disconnect iPod nano when you’re done. Important: The battery doesn’t charge when your computer is in sleep mode. Connecting iPod nano To connect iPod nano to your computer: m Plug the included iPod Dock Connector to USB 2.0 cable into a high-powered USB 2.0 port on your computer, and then connect the other end to iPod nano. If you have an iPod Dock, you can connect the cable to a USB 2.0 port on your computer, connect the other end to the Dock, and then put iPod nano in the Dock. Note: The USB port on most keyboards doesn’t provide enough power. Connect iPod nano to a USB 2.0 port on your computer. By default, iTunes syncs songs on iPod nano automatically when you connect it to your computer. When iTunes is finished, you can disconnect iPod nano. You can sync songs while your battery is charging. If you connect iPod nano to a different computer and it’s set to sync music automatically, iTunes prompts you before syncing any music. If you click Yes, the songs and other audio files already on iPod nano will be erased and replaced with songs and other audio files on the computer iPod nano is connected to. For information about adding music to iPod nano and using iPod nano with more than one computer, see Chapter 2, “Setting Up iPod nano,” on page 20.Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics 15 Disconnecting iPod nano It’s important not to disconnect iPod nano while it’s syncing. You can see if it’s OK to disconnect iPod nano by looking at the iPod nano screen. Important: Don’t disconnect iPod nano if you see the “Connected” or “Synchronizing” messages. You could damage files on iPod nano. If you see one of these messages, you must eject iPod nano before disconnecting it. If you set iPod nano to manage songs manually (see “Managing iPod nano Manually” on page 29) or enable iPod nano for disk use (see “Using iPod nano as an External Disk” on page 53), you must always eject iPod nano before disconnecting it. If you see one of these messages, you must eject iPod nano before disconnecting it If you see the main menu or a large battery icon, you can disconnect iPod nano.16 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics To eject iPod nano: m Click the Eject (C) button next to iPod nano in the list of devices in the iTunes source list. If you’re using a Mac, you can also eject iPod nano by dragging the iPod nano icon on the desktop to the Trash. If you’re using a Windows PC, you can also eject iPod nano in My Computer or by clicking the Safely Remove Hardware icon in the Windows system tray and selecting iPod nano. To disconnect iPod nano: 1 Unplug the headphones if they’re attached. 2 Disconnect the cable from iPod nano. If iPod nano is in the Dock, simply remove it. You can safely disconnect iPod nano while either of these messages is displayed.Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics 17 About the iPod nano Battery iPod nano has an internal, non-user-replaceable battery. For best results, the first time you use iPod nano, let it charge for about three hours or until the battery icon in the status area of the display shows that the battery is fully charged. If iPod nano isn’t used for a while, the battery might need to be charged. Note: iPod nano continues to use battery power after it’s been turned off. The iPod nano battery is 80-percent charged in about one and a half hours, and fully charged in about three hours. If you charge iPod nano while adding files, playing music, watching videos, or viewing a slideshow, it might take longer. Charging the iPod nano Battery You can charge the iPod nano battery in two ways:  Connect iPod nano to your computer.  Use the Apple USB Power Adapter, available separately. To charge the battery using your computer: m Connect iPod nano to a USB 2.0 port on your computer. The computer must be turned on and not in sleep mode. If the battery icon on the iPod nano screen shows the Charging screen, the battery is charging. If it shows the Charged screen, the battery is fully charged. If you don’t see the Charging screen, iPod nano might not be connected to a high-power USB port. Try another USB port on your computer. 18 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics Important: If a “Charging, Please Wait” or “Connect to Power” message appears on the iPod nano screen, the battery needs to be charged before iPod nano can communicate with your computer. See“If iPod nano displays a “Connect to Power” message” on page 66. If you want to charge iPod nano when you’re away from your computer, you can purchase the Apple USB Power Adapter. To charge the battery using the Apple USB Power Adapter: 1 Connect the AC plug adapter to the power adapter (they might already be connected). 2 Connect the iPod Dock Connector to USB 2.0 cable to the power adapter, and plug the other end of the cable into iPod nano. 3 Plug the power adapter into a working electrical outlet. WARNING: Make sure the power adapter is fully assembled before plugging it into an electrical outlet. AC plug adapter (The plug on your Power Adapter may look different.) USB Power Adapter iPod Dock Connector to USB 2.0 CableChapter 1 iPod nano Basics 19 Understanding Battery States When iPod nano isn’t connected to a power source, a battery icon in the top-right corner of the iPod nano screen shows approximately how much charge is left. If iPod nano is connected to a power source, the battery icon changes to show that the battery is charging or fully charged. You can disconnect and use iPod nano before it’s fully charged. Note: Rechargeable batteries have a limited number of charge cycles and might eventually need to be replaced. Battery life and number of charge cycles vary by use and settings. For information, go to www.apple.com/batteries. Improving Battery Performance with Energy Saver Energy Saver can extend the time between battery charges by turning off the iPod nano screen when you aren’t using the controls. To turn Energy Saver on or off: m Choose Settings > Playback > Energy Saver, and then select On or Off. Battery less than 20% charged Battery about halfway charged Battery fully charged Battery charging (lightning bolt) Battery fully charged (plug)2 20 2 Setting Up iPod nano To set up iPod nano, you use iTunes on your computer to import, buy, and organize your music, video, podcasts, audiobooks, games, and other media content. Then you connect iPod nano to your computer and sync it to your iTunes library. Using iTunes iTunes is the software application you use with iPod nano. iTunes can sync music, audiobooks, podcasts, and more with iPod nano. When you connect iPod nano to your computer, iTunes opens automatically. This guide explains how to use iTunes to download songs and other audio and video to your computer, create personal compilations of your favorite songs (called playlists), sync them to iPod nano, and adjust iPod nano settings. iTunes also has a feature called Genius that creates instant playlists of songs from your iTunes library that go great together. You can sync Genius playlists that you create in iTunes to iPod nano, and you can create Genius playlists on iPod nano. To use Genius, you need iTunes 8.0 or later and an iTunes Store account. iTunes has many other features. You can burn your own CDs that play in standard CD players (if your computer has a recordable CD drive); listen to streaming Internet radio; watch videos and TV shows; rate songs according to preference; and much more. For information about using these iTunes features, open iTunes and choose Help > iTunes Help. If you already have iTunes 8.0 installed on your computer and you’ve set up your iTunes library, you can skip ahead to the next section, “Syncing iPod nano.” To learn how to set up Genius in iTunes, see “Using Genius in iTunes” on page 25.Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano 21 Importing Music into Your iTunes Library To listen to music on iPod nano, you first need to get that music into iTunes on your computer. There are three ways of getting music and other audio into iTunes:  Purchase music, audiobooks, and videos, or download podcasts online from the iTunes Store.  Import music and other audio from audio CDs.  Add music and other audio that’s already on your computer to your iTunes library. Purchasing Songs and Downloading Podcasts Using the iTunes Store If you have an Internet connection, you can easily purchase and download songs, albums, audiobooks, and videos online using the iTunes Store. You can also subscribe to and download podcasts. To purchase music online using the iTunes Store, you set up an Apple account in iTunes, find the songs you want, and then buy them. If you already have an Apple account, or if you have an America Online (AOL) account (available in some countries only), you can use that account to sign in to the iTunes Store and buy songs. You don’t need an iTunes Store account to download or subscribe to podcasts. To sign in to the iTunes Store: m Open iTunes and then:  If you already have an iTunes account, choose Store > Sign In.  If you don’t already have an iTunes account, choose Store > Create Account and follow the onscreen instructions to set up an Apple account or enter your existing Apple account or AOL account information. You can browse or search the iTunes Store to find the album, song, or artist you’re looking for. Open iTunes and select iTunes Store in the source list.  To browse the iTunes Store, choose a category (for example, Music) on the left side of the main page in the iTunes Store. You can choose a genre, look at new releases, click one of the featured songs, look at Top Songs and more, or click Browse under Quick Links in the main iTunes Store window.22 Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano  To browse for podcasts, click the Podcasts link on the left side of the main page in the iTunes Store.  To search the iTunes Store, type the name of an album, song, artist, or composer in the search field.  To narrow your search, type something in the search field, press Return or Enter on your keyboard, and then click links in the Search Bar at the top of the results page. For example, to narrow your search to songs and albums, click the Music link.  To search for a combination of items, click Power Search in the Search Results window.  To return to the main page of the iTunes Store, click the Home button in the status line at the top of the window. To buy a song, album, music video, or audiobook: 1 Select iTunes Store in the source list, and then find the item you want to buy. You can double-click a song or other item to listen to a portion of it and make sure it’s what you want. (If your network connection is slower than 128 kbps, choose iTunes > Preferences, and in the Store pane, select the “Load complete preview before playing” checkbox.) 2 Click Buy Song, Buy Album, Buy Video, or Buy Book. The song or other item is downloaded to your computer and charged to the credit card listed on your Apple or AOL account. To download or subscribe to a podcast: 1 Select iTunes Store in the source list. 2 Click the Podcasts link on the left side of the main page in the iTunes Store. 3 Browse for the podcast you want to download.  To download a single podcast episode, click the Get Episode button next to the episode.  To subscribe to a podcast, click the Subscribe button next to the podcast graphic. iTunes downloads the most recent episode. As new episodes become available, they are automatically downloaded to iTunes when you connect to the Internet. For more information, see “Adding Podcasts to iPod nano” on page 30 and “Watching and Listening to Podcasts” on page 42. Adding Songs Already on Your Computer to Your iTunes Library If you have songs on your computer encoded in file formats that iTunes supports, you can easily add the songs to iTunes. To add songs on your computer to your iTunes library: m Drag the folder or disk containing the audio files to Library in the iTunes source list (or choose File > Add to Library and select the folder or disk). If iTunes supports the song file format, the songs are automatically added to your iTunes library.Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano 23 You can also drag individual song files to iTunes. Note: Using iTunes for Windows, you can convert nonprotected WMA files to AAC or MP3 format. This can be useful if you have a library of music encoded in WMA format. For more information, open iTunes and choose Help > iTunes Help. Importing Music From Your Audio CDs Into iTunes Follow these instructions to get music from your CDs into iTunes. To import music from an audio CD into iTunes: 1 Insert a CD into your computer and open iTunes. If you have an Internet connection, iTunes gets the names of the songs on the CD from the Internet (if available) and lists them in the window. If you don’t have an Internet connection, you can import your CDs and, later, when you’re connected to the Internet, choose Advanced > Get CD Track Names. iTunes will bring in the track names for the imported CDs. If the CD track names aren’t available online, you can enter the names of the songs manually. See “Entering Song Names and Other Details” below. With song information entered, you can browse for songs in iTunes or on iPod by title, artist, album, and more. 2 Click to remove the checkmark next to any song you don’t want to import. 3 Click the Import button. The display area at the top of the iTunes window shows how long it will take to import each song. By default, iTunes plays songs as they are imported. If you’re importing a lot of songs, you might want to stop the songs from playing to improve performance. 4 To eject the CD, click the Eject (C) button. You cannot eject a CD until the import is done. 5 Repeat these steps for any other CDs with songs you want to import. Entering Song Names and Other Details To enter CD song names and other information manually: 1 Select the first song on the CD and choose File > Get Info. 2 Click Info. 3 Enter the song information. 4 Click Next to enter information for the next song. 5 Click OK when you finish.24 Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano Adding Lyrics You can enter song lyrics in plain text format into iTunes so that you can view the song lyrics on iPod nano while the song is playing. To enter lyrics into iTunes: 1 Select a song and choose File > Get Info. 2 Click Lyrics. 3 Enter song lyrics in the text box. 4 Click Next to enter lyrics for the next song. 5 When you finish, click OK. For more information, see “Viewing Lyrics on iPod nano” on page 35. Adding Album Artwork Music you purchase from the iTunes Store includes album artwork, which iPod nano can display. You can add album artwork automatically for music you’ve imported from CDs, if the CDs are available from the iTunes Store. You can add album artwork manually if you have the album art on your computer. To add album artwork automatically: m Choose Advanced > Get Album Artwork. You must have an iTunes Store account to add album artwork automatically. To add album artwork to iTunes manually: 1 Select a song and choose File > Get Info. 2 Click Artwork. 3 Click Add, navigate to the artwork file, and click Choose. 4 Use the slider to adjust the size of the artwork. 5 Click Next to add artwork for the next song or album. 6 Click OK when you finish. For more information, see “Viewing Album Artwork on iPod nano” on page 36. Organizing Your Music Using iTunes, you can organize songs and other items into lists, called playlists, in any way you want. For example, you can create playlists with songs to listen to while exercising, or playlists with songs for a particular mood. You can also create Smart Playlists that update automatically based on rules you define. When you add songs to iTunes that match the rules, they automatically get added to the Smart Playlist.Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano 25 You can create as many playlists as you like using any of the songs in your iTunes library. Adding a song to a playlist or later removing it doesn’t remove it from your library. To create a playlist in iTunes: 1 Click the Add (+) button or choose File > New Playlist. 2 Type a name for the playlist. 3 Click Music in the Library list, and then drag a song or other item to the playlist. To select multiple songs, hold down the Shift key or the Command (x) key on a Mac, or the Shift key or the Control key on a Windows PC, as you click each song. To create a Smart Playlist: m Choose File > New Smart Playlist and define the rules for your playlist. Note: To create playlists on iPod nano when iPod nano isn’t connected to your computer, see “Creating On-The-Go Playlists on iPod nano” on page 37. Using Genius in iTunes Genius automatically creates playlists containing songs in your library that go great together. To use Genius on iPod nano, you first need to set up Genius in iTunes. Genius is a free service, but an iTunes Store account is required (if you don’t have one, you can set one up when you turn on Genius). To set up Genius: 1 In iTunes, choose Store > Turn On Genius. 2 Follow the onscreen instructions. iTunes collects anonymous information about your library and compares it with all songs available at the iTunes Store and with the libraries of other iTunes Store customers. The amount of time this takes can vary according to the size of your library, connection speed, and other factors. 3 Connect and sync iPod nano. You can now use Genius on iPod nano (see page 38). To create a Genius playlist in iTunes: 1 Click Music in the Library list or select a playlist. 2 Select a song. 3 Click the Genius button at the bottom of the iTunes window.26 Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano 4 To change the maximum number of songs included in the playlist, choose a number from the pop-up menu. 5 To save the playlist, click Save Playlist. You can add and remove items from a saved Genius playlist. You can also click Refresh to create a new playlist based on the same original song. Genius playlists created in iTunes can be synced to iPod nano like any iTunes playlist. See “Syncing Music From Selected Playlists to iPod nano” on page 28. Purchasing or Renting Videos and Downloading Video Podcasts To purchase videos—movies, TV shows, and music videos—or rent movies online from the iTunes Store (part of iTunes and available in some countries only), you sign in to your iTunes Store account, find the videos you want, and then buy or rent them. A rented movie expires 30 days after you rent it or 24 hours after you begin playing it, whichever comes first. Expired rentals are deleted automatically. Note: These terms apply to U.S. rentals. Rental terms vary among countries. To browse videos in the iTunes Store: 1 In iTunes, select iTunes Store in the source list. 2 Click an item (Movies, TV Shows, or Music Videos) in the iTunes Store list on the left. You can also find some music videos as part of an album or other offer. You can view movie trailers or TV show previews. Videos in iTunes and in the iTunes Store have a display ( ) icon next to them. To buy or rent a video: 1 Select iTunes Store in the source list, and then find the item you want to buy or rent. 2 Click Buy Video, Buy Episode, Buy Season, Buy Movie, or Rent Movie. Purchased videos appear when you select Movies or TV Shows (under Library) or Purchased (under Store) in the source list. Rented videos appear when you select Rented Movies (under Library). Some items have other options, such as TV shows that let you buy a season pass for all episodes. To download a video podcast: Video podcasts appear alongside other podcasts in the iTunes Store. You can subscribe to them and download them just as you would other podcasts. You don’t need an iTunes Store account to download podcasts. See “Purchasing Songs and Downloading Podcasts Using the iTunes Store” on page 21.Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano 27 Converting Your Own Videos to Work with iPod nano You can view other video files on iPod nano, such as videos you create in iMovie on a Mac or videos you download from the Internet. Import the video into iTunes, convert it for use with iPod nano, if necessary, and then add it to iPod nano. iTunes supports all the video formats that QuickTime supports. For more information, choose Help > QuickTime Player Help from the QuickTime Player menu bar. To import a video into iTunes: m Drag the video file to your iTunes library. Some videos may be ready for use with iPod nano after you import them to iTunes. If you try to add a video to iPod nano (see “Syncing Videos Automatically” on page 31), and a message says the video can’t play on iPod nano, then you must convert the video for use with iPod nano. To convert a video for use with iPod nano: 1 Select the video in your iTunes library. 2 Choose Advanced > “Convert Selection to iPod.” Depending on the length and content of a video, converting it for use with iPod nano can take several minutes to several hours. When you convert a video for use with iPod nano, the original video remains in your iTunes library. For more about converting video for iPod nano, go to www.info.apple.com/kbnum/n302758. Adding Music to iPod nano After your music is imported and organized in iTunes, you can easily add it to iPod nano. To set how music is added from your computer to iPod nano, you connect iPod nano to your computer, and then use iTunes preferences to choose iPod nano settings.28 Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano You can set iTunes to add music to iPod nano in three ways:  Sync all songs and playlists: When you connect iPod nano, it’s automatically updated to match the songs and other items in your iTunes library. Any other songs on iPod nano are deleted.  Sync selected playlists: When you connect iPod nano, it’s automatically updated to match the songs in playlists you select in iTunes.  Manually add music to iPod nano: When you connect iPod nano, you can drag songs and playlists individually to iPod nano, and delete songs and playlists individually from iPod nano. Using this option, you can add songs from more than one computer without erasing songs from iPod nano. When you manage music yourself, you must always eject iPod nano from iTunes before you can disconnect it. Syncing Music Automatically By default, iPod nano is set to sync all songs and playlists when you connect it to your computer. This is the simplest way to add music to iPod nano. You just connect iPod nano to your computer, let it add songs, audiobooks, videos, and other items automatically, and then disconnect it and go. If you added any songs to iTunes since the last time you connected iPod nano, they are synced with iPod nano. If you deleted songs from iTunes, they are removed from iPod nano. To sync music with iPod nano: m Simply connect iPod nano to your computer. If iPod nano is set to sync automatically, the update begins. Important: The first time you connect iPod nano to a computer, a message asks if you want to sync songs automatically. If you accept, all songs, audiobooks, and videos are erased from iPod nano and replaced with songs and other items from that computer. If you don’t accept, you can still add songs to iPod nano manually without erasing any of the songs already on iPod nano. While music is being synced from your computer to iPod nano, the iTunes status window shows progress, and you see a sync icon next to the iPod nano icon in the source list. When the update is done, a message in iTunes says “iPod update is complete.” Syncing Music From Selected Playlists to iPod nano Setting iTunes to sync selected playlists to iPod nano is useful if the music in your iTunes library doesn’t all fit on iPod nano. Only the music in the playlists you select is synced to iPod nano. To set iTunes to sync music from selected playlists to iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Music tab. 2 Select “Sync music” and then choose “Selected playlists.”Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano 29 3 Select the playlists you want. 4 To include music videos and display album artwork, select those options. 5 Click Apply. If “Sync only checked songs and videos” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only items that are checked. Managing iPod nano Manually Setting iTunes to let you manage iPod nano manually gives you the most flexibility for managing music and video on iPod nano. You can add and remove individual songs (including music videos) and videos (including movies and TV shows). Also, you can add music and video from multiple computers to iPod nano without erasing items already on iPod nano. Setting iPod nano to manually manage music and video turns off the automatic sync options in the Music, Movies, and TV Shows panes. You cannot manually manage one and automatically sync another at the same time. To set iTunes to let you manage music and video on iPod nano manually: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab. 2 In the Options section, select “Manually manage music and video.” 3 Click Apply. When you manage songs and video yourself, you must always eject iPod nano from iTunes before you disconnect it. To add a song, video, or other item to iPod nano: 1 Click Music or another Library item in the iTunes source list. 2 Drag a song or other item to iPod nano in the source list. To remove a song, video, or other item from iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list. 2 Select a song or other item on iPod nano and press the Delete or Backspace key on your keyboard. If you manually remove a song or other item from iPod nano, it isn’t deleted from your iTunes library. To create a new playlist on iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list, and then click the Add (+) button or choose File > New Playlist. 2 Type a name for the playlist. 3 Click an item, such as Music, in the Library list, and then drag songs or other items to the playlist.30 Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano To add songs to or remove songs from a playlist on iPod nano: m Drag a song to a playlist on iPod nano to add the song. Select a song in a playlist and press the Delete key on your keyboard to delete the song. If you set iTunes to manage music manually, you can reset it later to sync automatically. To reset iTunes to sync all music automatically on iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Music tab. 2 Select “Sync music” and then choose “All songs and playlists.” 3 Click Apply. The update begins automatically. If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only items that are checked in your Music and other libraries. Adding Podcasts to iPod nano The settings for adding podcasts to iPod nano are unrelated to the settings for adding songs. Podcast update settings don’t affect song update settings, and vice versa. You can set iTunes to automatically sync all or selected podcasts, or you can add podcasts to iPod nano manually. To set iTunes to update the podcasts on iPod nano automatically: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Podcasts tab. 2 In the Podcasts pane, select “Sync … episodes” and choose the number of episodes you want in the pop-up menu. 3 Click “All podcasts” or “Selected podcasts.” If you click “Selected podcasts,” also select the podcasts in the list that you want to sync. 4 Click Apply. When you set iTunes to sync iPod nano podcasts automatically, iPod nano is updated each time you connect it to your computer. Note: If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only items that are checked in your Podcasts and other libraries. To manually manage podcasts: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab. 2 Select “Manually manage music and videos” and click Apply. 3 Select the Podcasts library in the source list and drag the podcasts you want to iPod nano.Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano 31 Adding Videos to iPod nano You add movies and TV shows to iPod nano much the same way you add songs. You can set iTunes to sync all movies and TV shows to iPod nano automatically when you connect iPod nano, or you can set iTunes to sync only selected playlists. Alternatively, you can manage movies and TV shows manually. Using this option, you can add videos from more than one computer without erasing videos already on iPod nano. Note: Music videos are managed with songs, under the Music tab in iTunes. See “Adding Music to iPod nano” on page 27. Important: You can view a rented movie on only one device at a time. For example, if you rent a movie from the iTunes Store and add it to iPod nano, you can only view it on iPod nano. If you transfer the movie back to iTunes, you can only view it there and not on iPod nano. All standard time limits apply to rented movies added to iPod nano. Syncing Videos Automatically By default, iPod nano is set to sync all videos when you connect it to your computer. This is the simplest way to add videos to iPod nano. You just connect iPod nano to your computer, let it add videos and other items automatically, and then disconnect it and go. If you added any videos to iTunes since the last time you connected iPod nano, they are added to iPod nano. If you deleted videos from iTunes, they are removed from iPod nano. You can set iPod nano to sync videos automatically when you connect it to your computer. To sync videos to iPod nano: m Simply connect iPod nano to your computer. If iPod nano is set to sync automatically, the syncing begins.32 Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano Important: The first time you connect iPod nano to a different computer and have the automatic sync option set, a message asks if you want to sync songs and videos automatically. If you accept, all songs, videos, and other items are deleted from iPod nano and replaced with the songs, videos, and other items in the iTunes library on that computer. If you don’t accept, you can still add videos to iPod nano manually without deleting any of the videos already on iPod nano. iTunes includes a feature to sync purchased items from iPod nano to another computer. For more information, see iTunes Help. While videos are being synced from your computer to iPod nano, the iTunes status window shows progress and the iPod nano icon in the source list flashes red. When the update is done, a message in iTunes says “iPod update is complete.” Syncing Selected Videos to iPod nano Setting iTunes to sync selected videos to iPod nano is useful if you have more videos in your iTunes library than will fit on iPod nano. Only the videos you specify are synced with iPod nano. You can sync selected videos or selected playlists that contain videos. To set iTunes to sync unwatched or selected movies to iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Movies tab. 2 Select “Sync movies.” 3 Select the movies or playlists you want. Unwatched movies: Select “… unwatched movies” and choose the number you want from the pop-up menu. Selected movies or playlists: Click “Selected …,” choose “movies” or “playlists” from the pop-up menu, and then select the movies or playlists you want. 4 Click Apply. If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only movies that are checked. To set iTunes to sync most recent episodes or selected TV shows to iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the TV Shows tab. 2 Select “Sync … episodes” and choose the number of episodes you want from the pop-up menu. 3 Click “Selected …” and choose “TV shows” or “playlists” from the pop-up menu. 4 Select the movies or playlists you want to sync. 5 Click Apply. If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only TV show that are checked.Chapter 2 Setting Up iPod nano 33 Managing Videos Manually Setting iTunes to let you manage iPod nano manually gives you the most flexibility for managing videos on iPod nano. You can add and remove movies, TV shows, and other items individually. You can also add videos from multiple computers to iPod nano without removing videos already on iPod nano. See “Managing iPod nano Manually” on page 29. If you set iTunes to manage movies and TV shows manually, you can reset iTunes later to sync them automatically. If you set iTunes to sync automatically after you’ve been manually managing iPod nano, you lose any items on iPod nano that aren’t part of your iTunes library. To set iTunes to sync all movies automatically on iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Movies tab. 2 Select “Sync movies” and then select “All movies.” 3 Click Apply. If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only movies that are checked. To set iTunes to sync all TV shows automatically on iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the TV Shows tab. 2 Select “Sync … episodes” and choose “all” from the pop-up menu. 3 Select “All TV shows.” 4 Click Apply. If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only TV shows that are checked. Adding Video Podcasts to iPod nano You add video podcasts to iPod nano the same way you add other podcasts (see “Adding Podcasts to iPod nano” on page 30). If a podcast has a video component, the video plays when you choose it from Podcasts.3 34 3 Listening to Music After you set up iPod nano, you can listen to songs, podcasts, audiobooks, radio, and more. Read this chapter to learn about listening on the go. Playing Music and Other Audio Use the Click Wheel and Center button to browse for a song or music video. To browse for and play a song: m Choose Music, browse for a song or music video, and press the Play/Pause button. Note: When you browse for music videos in the Music menu, you only hear the music. When you browse for them in the Videos menu, you also see the video. When a song is playing, the Now Playing screen appears. The following table describes the elements on the Now Playing screen of iPod nano. Now Playing screen item Function Shuffle (¡) icon Appears if iPod nano is set to shuffle songs or albums. Repeat (⁄) icon Appears if iPod nano is set to repeat all songs. The Repeat Once (!) icon appears if iPod nano is set to repeat one song. Album art Shows the album art, if it’s available. Song information (click the Center button to see the scrubber bar, Genius or shuffle slider, song rating and lyrics) Album art Shuffle icon Repeat iconChapter 3 Listening to Music 35 To change the playback volume: m When you see the progress bar, use the Click Wheel to change the volume. To listen to a different part of a song: 1 Press the Center button until you see the scrubber bar. 2 Use the Click Wheel to move the diamond along the scrubber bar. To return to the previous menu: m From any screen, press the Menu button to return to the previous menu. Viewing Lyrics on iPod nano If you enter lyrics for a song in iTunes (see “Adding Lyrics” on page 24) and then add the song to iPod nano, you can view the lyrics on iPod nano. Lyrics will not appear if you did not enter them. To view lyrics on iPod nano while a song is playing: m On the Now Playing screen, press the Center button until you see the lyrics. You can scroll through the lyrics as the song plays. Rating Songs You can assign a rating to a song (from 1 to 5 stars) to indicate how much you like it. You can use song ratings to help you create Smart Playlists automatically in iTunes. To rate a song: 1 Start playing the song. 2 From the Now Playing screen, press the Center button until the five rating bullets appear. 3 Use the Click Wheel to choose a rating (represented by stars). Note: You cannot assign ratings to video podcasts. Song information Displays the song title, artist, and album title. Song time progress bar Shows the elapsed and remaining times for the song that’s playing. Scrubber bar Allows you to quickly navigate to a different part of the track. Genius slider Creates a Genius playlist based on the current song (doesn’t appear if Genius information isn’t available for the current song). Shuffle slider Allows you to shuffle songs or albums directly from the Now Playing screen. Song Rating Displays stars if you rate the song. Lyrics Displays the lyrics of the song that’s playing (doesn’t appear if you didn’t enter the song’s lyrics). Now Playing screen item Function36 Chapter 3 Listening to Music Viewing Album Artwork on iPod nano By default, iTunes displays album artwork on iPod nano. If the artwork is available, you’ll see it on iPod nano in Cover Flow, in the album list, and when you play music from the album. To set iTunes to display album artwork on iPod nano: 1 Connect iPod nano to your computer. 2 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Music tab. 3 Select “Display album artwork on your iPod.” To see album artwork on iPod nano: m Hold iPod nano horizontally to view Cover Flow, or play a song that has album artwork. For more information about album artwork, open iTunes and choose Help > iTunes Help. Accessing Additional Commands Some iPod nano commands can be accessed directly from the Now Playing screen and some menus. To access additional commands: m Press and hold the Center button until a menu appears, select a command, and then press the Center button again. Browsing Songs by Album or Artist When you’re listening to a song, you can browse more songs by the same artist or all the songs in the current album. To browse songs by album: 1 From the Now Playing screen, press and hold the Center button until a menu appears. 2 Choose Browse Album, and then press the Center button. You see all the songs from the current album that are on iPod nano. You can select a different song or return to the Now Playing screen.Chapter 3 Listening to Music 37 To browse songs by artist: 1 From the Now Playing screen, press and hold the Center button until a menu appears. 2 Choose Browse Artist, and then press the Center button. You see all the songs by that artist that are on iPod nano. You can select a different song or return to the Now Playing screen. Creating On-The-Go Playlists on iPod nano You can create playlists on iPod nano, called On-The-Go Playlists, when iPod nano isn’t connected to your computer. To create an On-The-Go playlist: 1 Select a song, and then press and hold the Center button until a menu appears. 2 Choose “Add to On-The-Go.” 3 To add more songs, repeat steps 1 and 2. 4 Choose Music > Playlists > On-The-Go to browse and play your list of songs. You can also add a group of songs. For example, to add an album, highlight the album title, press and hold the Center button until a menu appears, and then choose “Add to On-The-Go.” To play songs in the On-The-Go playlist: m Choose Music > Playlists > On-The-Go, and then choose a song. To remove a song from the On-The-Go playlist: 1 Select a song in the playlist and hold down the Center button until a menu appears. 2 Choose “Remove from On-The-Go,” and then press the Center button. To clear the entire On-The-Go playlist: m Choose Music > Playlists > On-The-Go > Clear Playlist, and then click Clear. To save the On-The-Go playlist on iPod nano: m Choose Music > Playlists > On-The-Go > Save Playlist. The first playlist is saved as “New Playlist 1” in the Playlists menu. The On-The-Go playlist is cleared. You can save as many playlists as you like. After you save a playlist, you can no longer remove songs from it. To copy On-The-Go playlists from iPod nano to your computer: m If iPod nano is set to update songs automatically (see “Syncing Music Automatically” on page 28) and you create an On-The-Go playlist, the playlist is automatically copied to iTunes when you connect iPod nano. The new On-The-Go playlist appears in the list of playlists in iTunes. You can rename, edit, or delete the new playlist, just as you would any playlist.38 Chapter 3 Listening to Music Using Genius on iPod nano When iPod nano isn’t connected to your computer, Genius can still automatically create instant playlists of songs that go great together. To use Genius, you need to set up Genius in the iTunes Store, and then sync iPod nano to iTunes. You can also create Genius playlists in iTunes and add them to iPod nano. To set up Genius in iTunes, see “Using Genius in iTunes” on page 25. To make a Genius playlist with iPod nano: 1 Select a song, and then press and hold the Center button until a menu appears. You can select a song from a menu or playlist, or you can start from the Now Playing screen. 2 Choose Start Genius, and then press the Center button. The new playlist appears. Start Genius doesn’t appear if any of the following apply:  You haven’t set up Genius in iTunes and then synced iPod nano to iTunes.  Genius doesn’t recognize the song you’ve selected.  Genius recognizes the song but there aren’t at least ten similar songs in your library. 3 To keep the playlist, choose Save Playlist. The playlist is saved with the song title and artist of the song you used to make the playlist. 4 To change the playlist to a new one based on the same song, choose Refresh. If you refresh a saved playlist, the new playlist replaces the previous one. You can’t recover the previous playlist. You can also start Genius from the Now Playing screen by pressing the Center button until you see the Genius slider, and then using the Click Wheel to move the slider to the right. The Genius slider won’t appear if Genius doesn’t recognize the song that’s playing. Genius playlists saved on iPod nano sync to iTunes when you connect iPod nano to your computer. To play a Genius playlist: m Choose Music > Playlists and choose the playlist.Chapter 3 Listening to Music 39 Setting iPod nano to Shuffle Songs You can set iPod nano to play songs, albums, or your entire library in random order. To set iPod nano to shuffle and play all your songs: m Choose Shuffle Songs from the iPod nano main menu. iPod nano begins playing songs from your entire music library in random order, skipping audiobooks and podcasts. To set iPod nano to always shuffle songs or albums: 1 Choose Settings from the iPod nano main menu. 2 Set Shuffle to either Songs or Albums. When you set iPod nano to shuffle songs by choosing Settings > Shuffle, iPod nano shuffles songs within the list (for example, album or playlist) you choose to play. When you set iPod nano to shuffle albums, it plays all the songs on an album in order, and then randomly selects another album in the list and plays through it in order. You can also set iPod nano to shuffle songs directly from the Now Playing screen by clicking the Center button until the shuffle slider appears, and then using the Click Wheel to set iPod nano to shuffle songs or albums. To shuffle songs while a song is playing or paused: m Shake iPod nano from side to side. A new song starts to play. Shaking to shuffle doesn’t change your shuffle settings, whether you set them by choosing Settings > Shuffle or by using the shuffle slider.40 Chapter 3 Listening to Music To disable shaking: m Choose Settings > Playback > Shake and select Off. To turn shaking on again, choose Settings > Playback > Shake, and then select On. Shaking is also disabled when the Hold switch is in the HOLD position, or if the display is off. If iPod nano is off, you can’t turn it on by shaking it. Setting iPod nano to Repeat Songs You can set iPod nano to repeat a song over and over, or repeat songs within the list you choose to play. To set iPod nano to repeat songs: m Choose Settings from the iPod nano main menu.  To repeat all songs in the list, set Repeat to All.  To repeat one song over and over, set Repeat to One. Customizing the Music Menu You can add items to or remove them from the Music menu, just as you do with the main menu. For example, you can add a Compilations item to the Music menu, so you can easily choose compilations that are put together from various sources. To add or remove items in the Music menu: 1 Choose Settings > General > Music Menu. 2 Select each item you want to appear in the Music menu. A checkmark indicates which items have been added. To revert to the original Music menu settings, choose Reset Menu. Setting the Maximum Volume Limit You can set a limit for the maximum volume on iPod nano and assign a combination to prevent the setting from being changed. To set the maximum volume limit for iPod nano: 1 Choose Settings > Playback > Volume Limit. The volume control shows the current volume. 2 Use the Click Wheel to select the maximum volume limit. 3 Press the Center button to set the maximum volume limit. A triangle on the volume bar indicates the maximum volume limit.Chapter 3 Listening to Music 41 To require a combination to change the maximum volume: 1 After setting the maximum volume, use the Click Wheel to select Lock and then press the Center button. 2 In the screen that appears, enter a combination. To enter a combination:  Use the Click Wheel to select a number for the first position. Press the Center button to confirm your choice and move to the next position.  Use the same method to set the remaining numbers of the combination. You can use the Next/Fast-forward button to move to the next position and the Previous/Rewind button to move to the previous position. Press the Center button in the final position to confirm the entire combination. The volume of songs and other audio may vary depending on how the audio was recorded or encoded. See “Setting Songs to Play at the Same Volume Level” on page 42 for information about how to set a relative volume level in iTunes and on iPod nano. Volume level may also vary if you use different earphones or headphones. With the exception of the iPod Radio Remote, accessories that connect through the iPod Dock Connector don’t support volume limits. If you set a combination, you must enter it before you can change or remove the maximum volume limit. To change the maximum volume limit: 1 Choose Settings > Playback > Volume Limit. 2 If you set a combination, enter it by using the Click Wheel to select the numbers and pressing the Center button to confirm them. 3 Use the Click Wheel to change the maximum volume limit. 4 Press the Play/Pause button to accept the change. To remove the maximum volume limit: 1 If you’re currently listening to iPod nano, press Pause. 2 Choose Settings > Playback > Volume Limit. 3 If you set a combination, enter it by using the Click Wheel to select the numbers and pressing the Center button to confirm them. 4 Use the Click Wheel to move the volume limit to the maximum level on the volume bar. This removes any restriction on volume. 5 Press the Play/Pause button to accept the change. If you forget the combination, you can restore iPod nano. See “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 69.42 Chapter 3 Listening to Music Setting Songs to Play at the Same Volume Level iTunes can automatically adjust the volume of songs, so they play at the same relative volume level. You can set iPod nano to use the iTunes volume settings. To set iTunes to play songs at the same sound level: 1 In iTunes, choose iTunes > Preferences if you’re using a Mac, or choose Edit > Preferences if you’re using a Windows PC. 2 Click Playback and select Sound Check, and then click OK. To set iPod nano to use the iTunes volume settings: m Choose Settings and set Sound Check to On. If you haven’t activated Sound Check in iTunes, setting it on iPod nano has no effect. Using the Equalizer You can use equalizer presets to change the sound on iPod nano to suit a particular music genre or style. For example, to make rock music sound better, set the equalizer to Rock. To use the equalizer to change the sound on iPod nano: m Choose Settings > Playback > EQ, and then choose an equalizer preset. If you assigned an equalizer preset to a song in iTunes and the iPod nano equalizer is set to Off, the song plays using the iTunes setting. See iTunes Help for more information. Crossfading Between Songs You can set iPod nano to fade out at the end of each song and fade in at the beginning of the song following it. To turn on crossfading: m Choose Settings > Playback > Audio Crossfade and select On. Note: Songs that are grouped for gapless playback play without gaps even when crossfading is on. Watching and Listening to Podcasts Podcasts are downloadable audio or video shows you get at the iTunes Store. You can listen to audio podcasts and watch video podcasts. Podcasts are organized by shows, episodes within shows, and chapters within episodes. If you stop watching or listening to a podcast and go back to it later, the podcast begins playing from where you left off. To watch or listen to a podcast: 1 From the main menu, choose Podcasts, and then choose a show.Chapter 3 Listening to Music 43 Shows appear in reverse chronological order so that you can watch or listen to the most recent one first. You see a blue dot next to shows and episodes you haven’t watched or listened to yet. 2 Choose an episode to play it. The Now Playing screen displays the show, episode, and date information, along with elapsed and remaining time. Press the Center button to see more information about the podcast. If the podcast includes artwork, you also see a picture. Podcast artwork can change during an episode. If the podcast has chapters, you can press the Next/Fast-forward or Previous/Rewind button to skip to the next chapter or the beginning of the current chapter in the podcast. For more information about podcasts, open iTunes and choose Help > iTunes Help. Then search for “podcasts.” Listening to Audiobooks You can purchase and download audiobooks from the iTunes Store or from audible.com and listen to them on iPod nano. Use iTunes to add audiobooks to iPod nano the same way you add songs. If you stop listening to an audiobook on iPod nano and go back to it later, the audiobook begins playing from where you left off. iPod nano skips audiobooks when set to shuffle. If the audiobook you’re listening to has chapters, you can press the Next/Fast-forward or Previous/Rewind button to skip to the next chapter or the beginning of the current chapter. You can play audiobooks at speeds faster or slower than normal. To set audiobook play speed: m Choose Settings > Playback > Audiobooks and choose a speed, or press and hold the Center button from the Now Playing window. Setting the play speed affects only audiobooks purchased from the iTunes Store or audible.com. Listening to FM Radio You can listen to radio using the optional iPod Radio Remote accessory for iPod nano. iPod Radio Remote attaches to iPod nano using the Dock connector cable. When you’re using iPod Radio Remote, you see a Radio menu item on the iPod nano main menu. For more information, see the iPod Radio Remote documentation.4 44 4 Watching Videos You can use iPod nano to watch TV shows, movies, video podcasts, and more. Read this chapter to learn about watching videos on iPod nano and on your TV. You can view and listen to videos on iPod nano. If you have an AV cable from Apple (available separately at www.apple.com/ipodstore), you can watch videos from iPod nano on your TV. Watching and Listening to Videos on iPod nano Videos you add to iPod nano appear in the Videos menus. Music videos also appear in Music menus. To watch a video on iPod nano: m Choose Videos and browse for a video. Select a video and then press Play/Pause. To watch the video, hold iPod nano horizontally. If you rotate iPod nano to the left or right, the video adjusts accordingly. When you play a video on iPod nano, you see and hear the video. Chapter 4 Watching Videos 45 To just listen to a music video: m Choose Music and browse for a music video. When you play the video, you hear it but don’t see it. When you play a playlist that includes video podcasts, you hear the podcasts but don’t see them. To watch a video podcast: m From the main menu, choose Podcasts and then choose a video podcast. See “Watching and Listening to Podcasts” on page 42 for more information. Watching Videos on a TV Connected to iPod nano If you have an AV cable from Apple, you can watch videos on a TV connected to your iPod nano. First you set iPod nano to display videos on a TV, then connect iPod nano to your TV, and then play a video. Note: Use the Apple Component AV Cable, the Apple Composite AV Cable, or the Apple AV Connection Kit. Other similar RCA-type cables might not work. You can purchase the cables at www.apple.com/ipodstore. To set iPod nano to display videos on a TV: m Choose Videos > Settings, and then set TV Out to Ask or On. If you set TV Out to Ask, iPod nano gives you the option of displaying videos on TV or on iPod nano every time you play a video. You can also set video to display full screen or widescreen, and set video to display on PAL or NTSC devices. To set TV settings: m Choose Videos > Settings, and then follow the instructions below. To set Do this Video to display on a TV Set TV Out to Ask or On. Video to display on PAL or NTSC TVs Set TV Signal to PAL or NTSC. PAL and NTSC refer to TV broadcast standards. Your TV might use either of these, depending on the region where it was purchased. If you aren’t sure which your TV uses, check the documentation that came with your TV. The format of your external TV Set TV Screen to Widescreen for 16:9 format or Standard for 4:3 format. Video to fit to your screen Set “Fit to Screen” to On. If you set “Fit to Screen” to Off, widescreen videos display in letterbox format on iPod nano or a standard (4:3) TV screen. Alternate audio to play Set Alternate Audio to On.46 Chapter 4 Watching Videos To use the Apple Component AV Cable to connect iPod nano to your TV: 1 Plug the red, green, and blue video connectors into the component video input (Y, Pb, and Pr) ports on your TV. You can also use the Apple Composite AV cable. If you do, plug in the yellow video connector into the video input port on your TV. Your TV must have RCA video and audio ports. 2 Plug the white and red audio connectors into the left and right analog audio input ports, respectively, on your TV. 3 Plug the iPod Dock Connector into your iPod nano or Universal Dock. 4 Plug the USB connector into your USB Power Adapter or your computer to keep your iPod nano charged. 5 Turn on iPod nano and your TV or receiver to start playing. Make sure you set TV Out on iPod nano to On. Note: The ports on your TV or receiver may differ from the ports in the illustration. To watch a video on your TV: 1 Connect iPod nano to your TV (see above). 2 Turn on your TV and set it to display from the input ports connected to iPod nano. See the documentation that came with your TV for more information. 3 On iPod nano, choose Videos and browse for a video. Captions to display Set Captions to On. Subtitles to display Set Subtitles to On. To set Do this USB Power Adapter iPod Left audio (white) Dock Connector Television Video in (Y, Pb, Pr) Right audio (red) USB connector5 47 5 Photo Features You can import digital photos to your computer and add them to iPod nano. You can view your photos on iPod nano or as a slideshow on your TV. Read this chapter to learn about importing and viewing photos. Importing Photos You can import digital photos from a digital camera to your computer, and then add them to iPod nano for viewing. You can connect iPod nano to your TV and view photos as a slideshow with music. Importing Photos from a Camera to Your Computer You can import photos from a digital camera or a photo card reader. To import photos to a Mac using iPhoto: 1 Connect the camera or photo card reader to your computer. Open iPhoto (located in the Applications folder) if it doesn’t open automatically. 2 Click Import. Images from the camera are imported into iPhoto. You can import other digital images into iPhoto, such as images you download from the web. For more information about importing and working with photos and other images, open iPhoto and choose Help > iPhoto Help.48 Chapter 5 Photo Features iPhoto is available for purchase as part of the iLife suite of applications at www.apple.com/ilife. iPhoto might already be installed on your Mac, in the Applications folder. If you don’t have iPhoto, you can import photos using Image Capture. To import photos to a Mac using Image Capture: 1 Connect the camera or photo card reader to your computer. 2 Open Image Capture (located in the Applications folder) if it doesn’t open automatically. 3 To choose specific items to import, click Download Some. Or to download all items, click Download All. To import photos to a Windows PC: m Follow the instructions that came with your digital camera or photo application. Adding Photos From Your Computer to iPod nano You can add photos to iPod nano from a folder on your hard disk. If you have a Mac and iPhoto 6 or later, you can sync iPhoto albums automatically. If you have a Windows PC and Adobe Photoshop Album 2.0 or later, or Adobe Photoshop Elements 4.0 or later, you can sync photo collections automatically. Adding photos to iPod nano the first time might take some time, depending on how many photos are in your photo library. To sync photos from a Mac or Windows PC to iPod nano using a photo application: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Photos tab. 2 Select “Sync photos from: …”  On a Mac, choose iPhoto from the pop-up menu.  On a Windows PC, choose Photoshop Album or Photoshop Elements from the pop-up menu. Note: Some versions of Photoshop Album and Photoshop Elements don’t support collections. You can still use them to add all your photos.Chapter 5 Photo Features 49 3 If you want to add all your photos, select “All photos and albums.” If you want to keep your photos organized by event, select “…events” and choose an option from the popup menu. If you want to add photos from only certain albums, select “Selected albums” and select the albums you want. 4 Click Apply. Each time you connect iPod nano to your computer, photos are synced automatically. To add photos from a folder on your hard disk to iPod nano: 1 Drag the images you want into a folder on your computer. If you want images to appear in separate photo albums on iPod nano, create folders inside the main image folder, and drag images into the new folders. 2 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Photos tab. 3 Select “Sync photos from …” 4 Choose “Choose Folder” from the pop-up menu and select your image folder. 5 Click Apply. When you add photos to iPod nano, iTunes optimizes the photos for viewing. Full-resolution image files aren’t transferred by default. Adding full-resolution image files is useful, for example if you want to move them from one computer to another, but isn’t necessary for viewing the images at full quality on iPod nano. To add full-resolution image files to iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Photos tab. 2 Select “Include full-resolution photos.” 3 Click Apply. iTunes copies the full-resolution versions of the photos to the Photos folder on iPod nano. To delete photos from iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Photos tab. 2 Select “Sync photos from: …”  On a Mac, choose iPhoto from the pop-up menu.  On a Windows PC, choose Photoshop Album or Photoshop Elements from the pop-up menu. 3 Choose “Selected albums” and deselect the albums you no longer want on iPod nano. 4 Click Apply.50 Chapter 5 Photo Features Adding Photos from iPod nano to a Computer If you add full-resolution photos from your computer to iPod nano using the previous steps, they’re stored in a Photos folder on iPod nano. You can connect iPod nano to a computer and put these photos on the computer. iPod nano must be enabled for disk use (see “Using iPod nano as an External Disk” on page 53). To add photos from iPod nano to a computer: 1 Connect iPod nano to the computer. 2 Drag image files from the Photos folder or DCIM folder on iPod nano to the desktop or to a photo editing application on the computer. You can also use a photo editing application, such as iPhoto, to add photos stored in the Photos folder. See the documentation that came with the application for more information. To delete photos from the Photos folder on iPod nano: 1 Connect iPod nano to the computer. 2 Navigate to the Photos folder on iPod nano and delete the photos you no longer want. Viewing Photos You can view photos on iPod nano manually or as a slideshow. If you have an optional AV cable from Apple (for example, Apple Component AV Cable), you can connect iPod nano to your TV and view photos as a slideshow with music. Viewing Photos on iPod nano To view photos on iPod nano: 1 On iPod nano, choose Photos > All Photos. Or choose Photos and a photo album to see only the photos in the album. Thumbnail views of the photos might take a moment to appear. 2 Select the photo you want and press the Center button.Chapter 5 Photo Features 51 3 To view photos, hold iPod nano vertically for portrait format, or horizontally for landscape format. From any photo-viewing screen, use the Click Wheel to scroll through photos (if you’re viewing a slideshow, the Click Wheel controls music volume only). Press the Next/Fastforward or Previous/Rewind button to skip to the next or previous screen of photos. Press and hold the Next/Fast-forward or Previous/Rewind button to skip to the last or first photo in the library or album. Viewing Slideshows You can view a slideshow, with music and transitions if you choose, on iPod nano. If you have an optional AV cable from Apple, you can view the slideshow on your TV. To set slideshow settings: m Choose Photos > Settings, and then follow these instructions: To set Do this How long each slide is shown Choose Time Per Slide and pick a time. The music that plays during slideshows Choose Music and choose a playlist or Now Playing. If you’re using iPhoto, you can choose From iPhoto to copy the iPhoto music setting. Only the songs that you’ve added to iPod nano play. Slides to repeat Set Repeat to On. Slides to display in random order Set Shuffle Photos to On. Slides to display with transitions Choose Transitions and choose a transition type. Slideshows to display on iPod nano Set TV Out to Ask or Off.52 Chapter 5 Photo Features To view a slideshow on iPod nano: m Select any photo, album, or roll, and press the Play/Pause button. Or select any full-screen photo and press the Center button. To pause, press the Play/Pause button. To skip to the next or previous photo, press the Next/Fast-forward or Previous/Rewind button. When you view a slideshow, the Click Wheel controls just the music volume. You can’t use the Click Wheel to scroll through photos during a slideshow. To connect iPod nano to your TV: 1 Connect the optional Apple Component or Composite AV cable to iPod nano. Use the Apple Component AV Cable, Apple Composite AV Cable, or Apple AV Connection Kit. Other similar RCA-type cables won’t work. You can purchase the cables at www.apple.com/ipodstore. 2 Connect the audio connectors to the ports on your TV (for an illustration, see page 46). Your TV must have RCA video and audio ports. To view a slideshow on your TV: 1 Connect iPod nano to your TV (see above). 2 Turn on your TV and set it to display from the input ports connected to iPod nano. See the documentation that came with your TV for more information. 3 On iPod nano, select any photo or album and press the Play/Pause button. Or select any full-screen photo and press the Center button. To pause, press the Play/Pause button. To skip to the next or previous photo, press the Next/Fast-forward or Previous/ Rewind button. If you selected a playlist in Photos > Settings > Music, the playlist plays automatically when you start the slideshow. The photos display on your TV and advance automatically according to settings in the Slideshow > Settings menu. Slideshows to display on TV Set TV Out to Ask or On. If you set TV Out to Ask, iPod nano gives you the option of showing slideshows on TV or on iPod nano every time you start a slideshow. Slides to show on PAL or NTSC TVs Set TV Signal to PAL or NTSC. PAL and NTSC refer to TV broadcast standards. Your TV might use either of these, depending on the region where it was purchased. If you aren’t sure which your TV uses, check the documentation that came with your TV. To set Do this6 53 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories iPod nano can do a lot more than play songs. And you can do a lot more with it than listen to music. Read this chapter to find out more about the extra features of iPod nano, including how to use it as an external disk, alarm, or sleep timer; play games; show the time of day in other parts of the world; display notes; and sync contacts, calendars, and to-do lists. Learn about how to use iPod nano as a stopwatch and to lock the screen, and about the accessories available for iPod nano. Using iPod nano as an External Disk You can use iPod nano as an external disk to store data files. You won’t see songs you add using iTunes in the Mac Finder or in Windows Explorer. And if you copy music files to iPod nano in the Mac Finder or Windows Explorer, you won’t be able to play them on iPod nano. To enable iPod nano as an external disk: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab. 2 In the Options section, select “Enable disk use.” 3 Click Apply. When you use iPod nano as an external disk, the iPod nano disk icon appears on the desktop on Mac, or as the next available drive letter in Windows Explorer on a Windows PC. Note: Clicking Summary and selecting “Manually manage music and videos” in the Options section also enables iPod nano to be used as an external disk. Drag files to and from iPod nano to copy them. If you use iPod nano primarily as a disk, you might want to keep iTunes from opening automatically when you connect iPod nano to your computer.54 Chapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories To prevent iTunes from opening automatically when you connect iPod nano to your computer: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab. 2 In the Options section, deselect “Open iTunes when this iPod is connected.” 3 Click Apply. Using Extra Settings You can set the date and time, clocks in different time zones, and alarm and sleep features on iPod nano. You can use iPod nano as a stopwatch or to play games, and you can lock the iPod nano screen. Setting and Viewing the Date and Time The date and time are set automatically from your computer’s clock when you connect iPod nano, but you can change the settings. To set date and time options: 1 Choose Settings > Date & Time. 2 Choose one or more of the following options: Adding Clocks for Other Time Zones To add clocks for other time zones: 1 Choose Extras > Clocks. 2 On the Clocks screen, click the Center button and choose Add. 3 Choose a region and then choose a city. The clocks you add appear in a list. The last clock you added appears last. To delete a clock: 1 Choose Extras > Clocks. 2 Choose the clock. To Do this Set the date Choose Date. Use the Click Wheel to change the selected value. Press the Center button to move to the next value. Set the time Choose Time. Use the Click Wheel to change the selected value. Press the Center button to move to the next value. Specify the time zone Choose Time Zone and use the Click Wheel to select a city in another time zone. Display the time in 24-hour format Choose 24 Hour Clock and press the Center button to turn the 24-hour format on or off. Display the time in the title bar Choose Time in Title and press the Center button to turn the option on or off. Chapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories 55 3 Press the Center button. 4 Choose Delete. Setting Alarms You can set an alarm for any clock on iPod nano. To use iPod nano as an alarm clock: 1 Choose Extras > Alarms. 2 Choose Create Alarm and set one or more of the following options: If you sync calendar events with alarms to iPod nano, the events appear in the Alarms menu. To delete an alarm: 1 Choose Extras > Alarms. 2 Choose the alarm and then choose Delete. Setting the Sleep Timer You can set iPod nano to turn off automatically after playing or other content for a specific period of time. To set the sleep timer: 1 Choose Extras > Alarms. 2 Choose Sleep Timer and choose how long you want iPod nano to play. Using the Stopwatch You can use the stopwatch as you exercise to track your overall time and, if you’re running on a track, your lap times. You can play music while you use the stopwatch. To Do this Turn the alarm on Choose Alarm and choose On. Set the date Choose Date. Use the Click Wheel to change the selected value. Press the Center button to move to the next value. Set the time Choose Time. Use the Click Wheel to change the selected value. Press the Center button to move to the next value. Set a repeat option Choose Repeat and choose an option (for example, “weekdays”). Choose a sound Choose Alerts or a playlist. If you choose Alerts, select Beep to hear the alarm through the internal speaker. If you choose a playlist, you’ll need to connect iPod nano to speakers or headphones to hear the alarm. Name the alarm Choose Label and choose an option (for example, “Wake up”).56 Chapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories To use the stopwatch: 1 Choose Extras > Stopwatch. 2 Press Play/Pause to start the timer. 3 Press the Center button to record lap times. The two most recent lap times appear above the overall time. All lap times are recorded in the log. 4 Press Play/Pause to stop the overall timer. To start the timer again, press Play/Pause. To start a new stopwatch session, press the Menu button and then choose New Timer. To review or delete a logged stopwatch session: 1 Choose Extras > Stopwatch. The current log and a list of saved sessions appear. 2 Choose a log to view session information. iPod nano stores stopwatch sessions with dates, times, and lap statistics. You see the date and time the session started; the total time of the session; the shortest, longest, and average lap times; and the last several lap times. 3 Press the Center button and choose Delete Log to delete the chosen log, or Clear Logs to delete all current logs. Playing Games iPod nano comes with three games: Klondike, Maze, and Vortex. To play a game: m Choose Extras > Games and choose a game. When you play a game created for previous versions of iPod nano, you’re first shown how iPod nano controls work in the game you’re about to play. You can purchase additional games from the iTunes Store (in some countries) to play on iPod nano. After purchasing games in iTunes, you can add them to iPod nano by syncing them automatically or by managing them manually. Many games can be played in portrait or landscape mode. To buy a game: 1 In iTunes, select iTunes Store in the source list. 2 Choose iPod Games from the iTunes Store list. 3 Select the game you want and click Buy Game. To sync games automatically to iPod nano: 1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Games tab. 2 Select “Sync games.”Chapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories 57 3 Click “All games” or “Selected games.” If you click “Selected games,” also select the games you want to sync. 4 Click Apply. Locking the iPod nano Screen You can set a combination to prevent iPod nano from being used by someone without your permission. If you lock iPod nano while it isn’t connected to a computer, you must then enter a combination to unlock and use it. This combination is different from the Hold button, which just prevents iPod nano buttons from being pressed accidentally. The combination prevents another person from using iPod nano. To set a combination for iPod nano: 1 Choose Extras > Screen Lock. 2 On the New Combination screen, enter a combination:  Use the Click Wheel to select a number for the first position. Press the Center button to confirm your choice and move to the next position.  Use the same method to set the remaining numbers of the combination. You can use the Next/Fast-forward button to move to the next position and the Previous/Rewind button to move to the previous position. Press the Center button in the final position. 3 On the Confirm Combination screen, enter the combination to confirm it, or press Menu to exit without locking the screen. When you finish, you return to the Screen Lock screen, where you can lock the screen or reset the combination. Press the Menu button to exit without locking the screen. To lock the iPod nano screen: m Choose Extras > Screen Lock > Lock. If you just finished setting your combination, Lock will already be selected on the screen. Just press the Center button to lock iPod. When the screen is locked, you see a picture of a lock. You might want to add the Screen Lock menu item to the main menu so that you can quickly lock the iPod nano screen. See “Adding or Removing Items on the Main Menu” on page 11. When you see the lock on the screen, you can unlock the iPod nano screen in two ways:  Press the Center button to enter the combination on iPod nano. Use the Click Wheel to select the numbers and press the Center button to confirm them. If you enter the wrong combination, the lock remains. Try again.58 Chapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories  Connect iPod nano to the primary computer you use it with, and iPod nano automatically unlocks. Note: If you try these methods and you still can’t unlock iPod nano, you can restore iPod nano. See “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 69. To change a combination you’ve already set: 1 Choose Extras > Screen Lock > Reset. 2 On the Enter Combination screen, enter the current combination. 3 On the New Combination screen, enter and confirm a new combination. If you can’t remember the current combination, the only way to clear it and enter a new one is to restore the iPod nano software. See “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 69. Syncing Contacts, Calendars, and To-Do Lists iPod nano can store contacts, calendar events, and to-do lists for viewing on the go. You can use iTunes to sync the contact and calendar information on iPod nano with Address Book and iCal. If you’re using Windows XP, and you use Windows Address Book or Microsoft Outlook 2003 or later to store your contact information, you can use iTunes to sync the address book information on iPod nano. If you use Microsoft Outlook 2003 or later to keep a calendar, you can also sync calendar information. To sync contacts or calendar information using Mac OS X v10.4.11 or later: 1 Connect iPod nano to your computer. 2 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Contacts tab. 3 Do one of the following:  To sync contacts, in the Contacts section, select “Sync Address Book contacts,” and select an option:  To sync all contacts automatically, select “All contacts.”  To sync selected groups of contacts automatically, select “Selected groups” and select the groups you want to sync.  To copy contacts’ photos to iPod nano, when available, select “Include contacts’ photos.” When you click Apply, iTunes updates iPod nano with the Address Book contact information you specified.  To sync calendars, in the Calendars section, select “Sync iCal calendars,” and choose an option:  To sync all calendars automatically, choose “All calendars.”Chapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories 59  To sync selected calendars automatically, choose “Selected calendars” and select the calendars you want to sync. When you click Apply, iTunes updates iPod nano with the calendar information you specified. To sync contacts or calendars using Windows Address Book or Microsoft Outlook for Windows: 1 Connect iPod nano to your computer. 2 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Contacts tab. 3 Do one of the following:  To sync contacts, in the Contacts section, select “Sync contacts from” and choose Windows Address Book or Microsoft Outlook from the pop-up menu. Then select which contact information you want to sync.  To sync calendars from Microsoft Outlook, in the Calendars section, select “Sync calendars from Microsoft Outlook.” 4 Click Apply. You can also add contact and calendar information to iPod nano manually. iPod nano must be enabled as an external disk (see “Using iPod nano as an External Disk” on page 53). To add contact information manually: 1 Connect iPod nano and open your favorite email or contacts application. You can add contacts using Palm Desktop, Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft Entourage, and Eudora, among others. 2 Drag contacts from the application’s address book to the Contacts folder on iPod nano. In some cases, you might need to export contacts and then drag the exported file or files to the Contacts folder. See the documentation for your email or contacts application. To add appointments and other calendar events manually: 1 Export calendar events from any calendar application that uses the standard iCal format (filenames end in .ics) or vCal format (filenames end in .vcs). 2 Drag the files to the Calendars folder on iPod nano. To add to-do lists to iPod nano manually, save them in a calendar file with an .ics or .vcs extension. To view contacts on iPod nano: m Choose Extras > Contacts. To sort contacts by first or last name: m Choose Settings > General > Sort Contacts, and then select First or Last.60 Chapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories To view calendar events: m Choose Extras > Calendars > All Calendars, and then choose a calendar. To view to-do lists: m Choose Extras > Calendars > To Do’s. Storing and Reading Notes You can store and read text notes on iPod nano if it’s enabled as an external disk (see “Using iPod nano as an External Disk” on page 53). 1 Save a document in any word-processing application as a text (.txt) file. 2 Place the file in the Notes folder on iPod nano. To view notes: m Choose Extras > Notes. Recording Voice Memos You can record voice memos using an optional iPod nano–compatible microphone (available for purchase at www.apple.com/ipodstore). You can set chapter marks while you record, store voice memos on iPod nano and sync them with your computer, and add labels to voice memos. Voice memos cannot be longer than two hours. If you record for more than two hours, iPod nano automatically starts a new voice memo to continue your recording. To record a voice memo: 1 Connect a microphone to the Dock connector port on iPod nano. The Voice Memos item appears in the main menu. 2 To begin recording, choose Voice Memo > Start Recording. 3 Hold the microphone a few inches from your mouth and speak. To pause recording, press the Menu button. Choose Resume to continue recording. 4 When you finish, press Menu and then choose “Stop and Save.” Your saved recording is listed by date and time. To set chapter marks: m While recording, press the Center button whenever you want to set a chapter mark. During playback, you can go directly to the next chapter by pressing the Next/Forward button. Press the Previous/Rewind button once to go to the start of the current chapter, and twice to go to the start of the previous chapter.Chapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories 61 To label a recording: 1 Choose Voice Memos > Recordings, and then choose a saved recording. 2 Choose Label, and then choose a label for the recording. You can choose Podcast, Interview, Lecture, Idea, Meeting, or Memo. To remove a label from a recording, choose None. To play a recording: m In the main menu, choose Voice Memos and select the recording. You won’t see a Voice Memos menu item if you’ve never connected a microphone to iPod nano. To sync voice memos with your computer: Voice memos are saved in a Recordings folder on iPod in the WAV file format. If you enable iPod nano for disk use, you can drag voice memos from the folder to copy them. If iPod nano is set to sync songs automatically (see “Syncing Music Automatically” on page 28) voice memos on iPod nano are automatically synced as an album in iTunes (and removed from iPod nano) when you connect iPod nano. The new Voice Memos playlist appears in the source list. Using Spoken Menus for Accessibility iPod nano features optional spoken menus, enabling visually impaired users to browse through their iPod nano content more easily. iTunes generates spoken menus using voices that are included in your computer’s operating system or that you may have purchased from third parties. Not all voices from computer operating systems or third parties are compatible with spoken menus, and not all languages are supported. You must enable spoken menus in iTunes before you can activate them on iPod nano. To enable spoken menus in iTunes: 1 Connect iPod nano to your computer. 2 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab. 3 Select “Enable spoken menus for accessibility.” In Mac OS X, if you have VoiceOver turned on in Universal Access preferences, this option is selected by default. 4 Click Apply. After iPod nano syncs with iTunes, spoken menus are enabled and activated on your iPod nano. iPod nano takes longer to sync if spoken menus are being enabled.62 Chapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories To deactivate spoken menus on iPod nano: m Choose Settings > Spoken Menus and then choose Off. To turn spoken menus on again, choose Settings > General > Spoken Menus, and then choose On. Note: The Spoken Menus option appears in the Settings menu on iPod nano only if spoken menus have been enabled in iTunes. Learning About iPod nano Accessories iPod nano comes with some accessories, and many other accessories are available. To purchase iPod nano accessories, go to www.apple.com/ipodstore. Available accessories include:  Apple Headphones with Remote and Mic  Apple In-Ear Headphones with Remote and Mic  Nike + iPod Sport Kit  Apple Universal Dock  Apple Component AV Cable  Apple Composite AV Cable  Apple AV Connection Kit  Apple USB Power Adapter  Apple USB/FireWire Adapter  iPod In-Ear Headphones  iPod Radio Remote  World Travel Adapter Kit  iPod Socks  iPod Earphones  Third-party accessories—such as speakers, headsets, cases, car stereo adapters, power adapters, and moreChapter 6 More Settings, Extra Features, and Accessories 63 To use the earphones included with iPod nano: m Plug the earphones into the Headphones port. Then place the earbuds in your ears as shown. WARNING: Permanent hearing loss may occur if earbuds or headphones are used at high volume. You can adapt over time to a higher volume of sound that may sound normal but can be damaging to your hearing. If you experience ringing in your ears or muffled speech, stop listening and have your hearing checked. The louder the volume, the less time is required before your hearing could be affected. Hearing experts suggest that to protect your hearing:  Limit the amount of time you use earbuds or headphones at high volume.  Avoid turning up the volume to block out noisy surroundings.  Turn the volume down if you can’t hear people speaking near you. For information about setting a maximum volume limit on iPod, see “Setting the Maximum Volume Limit” on page 40. The earphones cord is adjustable.7 64 7 Tips and Troubleshooting Most problems with iPod nano can be solved quickly by following the advice in this chapter. General Suggestions Most problems with iPod nano can be solved by resetting it. First, make sure iPod nano is charged. To reset iPod nano: 1 Toggle the Hold switch on and off (slide it to HOLD and then back again). 2 Press and hold the Menu and Center buttons for at least 6 seconds, until the Apple logo appears. If iPod nano won’t turn on or respond  Make sure the Hold switch isn’t set to HOLD.  The iPod nano battery might need to be recharged. Connect iPod nano to your computer or to an Apple USB Power Adapter and let the battery recharge. Look for the lightning bolt icon on the iPod nano screen to verify that iPod nano is receiving a charge. To charge the battery, connect iPod nano to a USB 2.0 port on your computer. The 5 Rs: Reset, Retry, Restart, Reinstall, Restore Remember these five basic suggestions if you have a problem with iPod nano. Try these steps one at a time until your issue is resolved. If one of the following doesn’t help, read on for solutions to specific problems.  Reset iPod nano. See “General Suggestions,” below.  Retry with a different USB port if you cannot see iPod nano in iTunes.  Restart your computer, and make sure you have the latest software updates installed.  Reinstall iTunes software from the latest version on the web.  Restore iPod nano. See “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 69.Chapter 7 Tips and Troubleshooting 65  Try the 5 Rs, one by one, until iPod nano responds. If you want to disconnect iPod nano, but you see the message “Connected” or “Sync in Progress”  If iPod nano is syncing music, wait for it to complete.  Select iPod nano in the iTunes source list and click the Eject (C) button.  If iPod nano disappears from the list of devices in the iTunes source list, but you still see the “Connected” or “Sync in Progress” message on the iPod nano screen, disconnect iPod nano.  If iPod nano doesn’t disappear from the list of devices in the iTunes source list, drag the iPod nano icon from the desktop to the Trash (if you’re using a Mac) or, if you’re using a Windows PC, eject the device in My Computer or click the Safely Remove Hardware icon in the system tray and select iPod nano. If you still see the “Connected” or “Sync in Progress” message, restart your computer and eject iPod nano again. If iPod nano isn’t playing music  Make sure the Hold switch isn’t set to HOLD.  Make sure the headphone connector is pushed in all the way.  Make sure the volume is adjusted properly. A maximum volume limit might have been set. You can change or remove it by using Settings > Volume Limit. See “Setting the Maximum Volume Limit” on page 40.  iPod nano might be paused. Try pressing the Play/Pause button.  Make sure you’re using iTunes 8.0 or later (go to www.apple.com/ipod/start). Songs purchased from the iTunes Store using earlier versions of iTunes won’t play on iPod nano until you upgrade iTunes.  If you’re using the iPod Universal Dock, make sure the iPod nano is seated firmly in the Dock and make sure all cables are connected properly. If you connect iPod nano to your computer and nothing happens  Make sure you have installed the latest iTunes software from www.apple.com/ipod/start.  Try connecting to a different USB port on your computer. Note: A USB 2.0 port is recommended to connect iPod nano. USB 1.1 is significantly slower than USB 2.0. If you have a Windows PC that doesn’t have a USB 2.0 port, in some cases you can purchase and install a USB 2.0 card. For more information, go to www.apple.com/ipod.  iPod nano might need to be reset (see page 64).  If you’re connecting iPod nano to a portable or laptop computer using the iPod Dock Connector to USB 2.0 Cable, connect the computer to a power outlet before connecting iPod nano.66 Chapter 7 Tips and Troubleshooting  Make sure you have the required computer and software. See “If you want to doublecheck the system requirements” on page 68.  Check the cable connections. Unplug the cable at both ends and make sure no foreign objects are in the USB ports. Then plug the cable back in securely. Make sure the connectors on the cables are oriented correctly. They can be inserted only one way.  Try restarting your computer.  If none of the previous suggestions solves your problems, you might need to restore iPod nano software. See “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 69. If iPod nano displays a “Connect to Power” message This message may appear if iPod nano is exceptionally low on power and the battery needs to be charged before iPod nano can communicate with your computer. To charge the battery, connect iPod nano to a USB 2.0 port on your computer. Leave iPod nano connected to your computer until the message disappears and iPod nano appears in iTunes or the Finder. Depending on how depleted the battery is, you may need to charge iPod nano for up to 30 minutes before it will start up. To charge iPod nano more quickly, use the optional Apple USB Power Adapter. If iPod nano displays a “Use iTunes to restore” message  Make sure you have the latest version of iTunes on your computer (download it from www.apple.com/ipod/start).  Connect iPod nano to your computer. When iTunes opens, follow the onscreen prompts to restore iPod nano.  If restoring iPod nano doesn’t solve the problem, iPod nano may need to be repaired. You can arrange for service at the iPod Service & Support website: www.apple.com/support/ipod If songs or data sync more slowly over USB 2.0  If you sync a large number of songs or amount of data using USB 2.0 and the iPod nano battery is low, iPod nano syncs the information at a reduced speed in order to conserve battery power.  If you want to sync at higher speeds, you can stop syncing and keep the iPod nano connected so that it can recharge, or connect it to the optional iPod USB 2.0 Power Adapter. Let iPod nano charge for about an hour, and then resume syncing your music or data. If you can’t add a song or other item to iPod nano The song may have been encoded in a format that iPod nano doesn’t support. The following audio file formats are supported by iPod nano. These include formats for audiobooks and podcasting:  AAC (M4A, M4B, M4P, up to 320 Kbps)Chapter 7 Tips and Troubleshooting 67  Apple Lossless (a high-quality compressed format)  MP3 (up to 320 Kbps)  MP3 Variable Bit Rate (VBR)  WAV  AA (audible.com spoken word, formats 2, 3, and 4)  AIFF A song encoded using Apple Lossless format has full CD-quality sound, but takes up only about half as much space as a song encoded using AIFF or WAV format. The same song encoded in AAC or MP3 format takes up even less space. When you import music from a CD using iTunes, it’s converted to AAC format by default. Using iTunes for Windows, you can convert nonprotected WMA files to AAC or MP3 format. This can be useful if you have a library of music encoded in WMA format. iPod nano doesn’t support WMA, MPEG Layer 1, MPEG Layer 2 audio files, or audible.com format 1. If you have a song in iTunes that isn’t supported by iPod nano, you can convert it to a format iPod nano supports. For more information, see iTunes Help. If iPod nano displays a “Connect to iTunes to activate Genius” message: You haven’t activated Genius in iTunes, or you haven’t synced iPod nano since you activated Genius in iTunes. See “Using Genius in iTunes” on page 25. If iPod nano displays a “Genius is not available for the selected song” message: Genius is activated but doesn’t recognize the song you selected to start a Genius playlist. New songs are added to the iTunes Store Genius database all the time, so try again soon. If you accidentally set iPod nano to use a language you don’t understand You can reset the language. 1 Press and hold Menu until the main menu appears. 2 Choose the sixth menu item (Settings). 3 Choose the last menu item (Reset Settings). 4 Choose the first item (Reset) and select a language. Other iPod nano settings, such as song repeat, are also reset. Note: If you added or removed items from the iPod nano main menu (see “Adding or Removing Items on the Main Menu” on page 11) the Settings menu item may be in a different place. If you can’t find the Reset Settings menu item, you can restore iPod nano to its original state and choose a language. See “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 69.68 Chapter 7 Tips and Troubleshooting If you can’t see videos or photos on your TV  You must use RCA-type cables made specifically for iPod nano, such as the Apple Component or Apple Composite AV cables, to connect iPod nano to your TV. Other similar RCA-type cables won’t work.  Make sure your TV is set to display images from the correct input source (see the documentation that came with your TV for more information).  Make sure all cables are connected correctly (see “Watching Videos on a TV Connected to iPod nano” on page 45).  Make sure the yellow end of the Apple Composite AV Cable is connected to the video port on your TV.  If you’re trying to view a video, choose Videos > Settings and set TV Out to On, and then try again. If you’re trying to view a slideshow, choose Photos > Slideshow Settings and set TV Out to On, and then try again.  If that doesn’t work, choose Videos > Settings (for video) or Photos > Settings (for a slideshow) and set TV Signal to PAL or NTSC, depending on which type of TV you have. Try both settings. If you want to double-check the system requirements To use iPod nano, you must have:  One of the following computer configurations:  A Mac with a USB 2.0 port  A Windows PC with a USB 2.0 or a USB 2.0 card installed  One of the following operating systems:  Mac OS X v10.4.11 or later  Windows Vista  Windows XP Home or Professional with Service Pack 3 or later  iTunes 8.0 or later (iTunes can be downloaded from www.apple.com/ipod/start) If your Windows PC doesn’t have a USB 2.0 port, you can purchase and install a USB 2.0 card. For more information about cables and compatible USB cards, go to www.apple.com/ipod. On the Mac, iPhoto 6 or later is recommended for adding photos and albums to iPod nano. This software is optional. iPhoto might already be installed on your Mac. Check the Applications folder. On a Windows PC, iPod nano can sync photo collections automatically from Adobe Photoshop Album 2.0 or later, and Adobe Photoshop Elements 4.0 or later, available at www.adobe.com. This software is optional. On both Mac and Windows PC, iPod nano can sync digital photos from folders on your computer’s hard disk.Chapter 7 Tips and Troubleshooting 69 If you want to use iPod nano with a Mac and a Windows PC If you’re using iPod nano with a Mac and you want to use it with a Windows PC, you must restore the iPod software for use with the PC (see “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 69). Restoring the iPod software erases all data from iPod nano, including all songs. You cannot switch from using iPod nano with a Mac to using it with a Windows PC without erasing all data on iPod nano. If you lock the iPod nano screen and can’t unlock it Normally, if you can connect iPod nano to the computer it’s authorized to work with, iPod nano automatically unlocks. If the computer authorized to work with iPod nano is unavailable, you can connect iPod nano to another computer and use iTunes to restore iPod software. See the next section for more information. If you want to change the screen lock combination and you can’t remember the current combination, you must restore the iPod software and then set a new combination. Updating and Restoring iPod Software You can use iTunes to update or restore iPod software. It’s recommended that you update iPod nano to use the latest software. You can also restore the software, which puts iPod nano back to its original state.  If you choose to update, the software is updated, but your settings and songs aren’t affected.  If you choose to restore, all data is erased from iPod nano, including songs, videos, files, contacts, photos, calendar information, and any other data. All iPod nano settings are restored to their original state. To update or restore iPod nano: 1 Make sure you have an Internet connection and have installed the latest version of iTunes from www.apple.com/ipod/start. 2 Connect iPod nano to your computer. 3 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab. The Version section tells you whether iPod nano is up to date or needs a newer version of the software. 4 Click Update to install the latest version of the software. 5 If necessary, click Restore to restore iPod nano to its original settings (this erases all data from iPod nano). Follow the onscreen instructions to complete the restore process.8 70 8 Safety and Cleaning Read the following important safety and handling information for Apple iPods. Keep the iPod Safety Guide and the features guide for your iPod handy for future reference. Important Safety Information Handling iPod Do not bend, drop, crush, puncture, incinerate, or open iPod. Avoiding water and wet locations Do not use iPod in rain, or near washbasins or other wet locations. Take care not to spill any food or liquid into iPod. In case iPod gets wet, unplug all cables, turn iPod off, and slide the Hold switch (if available) to HOLD before cleaning, and allow it to dry thoroughly before turning it on again. Repairing iPod Never attempt to repair iPod yourself. iPod does not contain any userserviceable parts. For service information, choose iPod Help from the Help menu in iTunes or go to www.apple.com/support/ipod. The rechargeable battery in iPod should be replaced only by an Apple Authorized Service Provider. For more information about batteries, go to www.apple.com/batteries. ± Read all safety information below and operating instructions before using iPod to avoid injury. WARNING: Failure to follow these safety instructions could result in fire, electric shock, or other injury or damage.Chapter 8 Safety and Cleaning 71 Using the Apple USB Power Adapter (available separately) If you use the Apple USB Power Adapter (sold separately at www.apple.com/ipodstore) to charge iPod, make sure that the power adapter is fully assembled before you plug it into a power outlet. Then insert the Apple USB Power Adapter firmly into the power outlet. Do not connect or disconnect the Apple USB Power Adapter with wet hands. Do not use any power adapter other than an Apple iPod power adapter to charge your iPod. The iPod USB Power Adapter may become warm during normal use. Always allow adequate ventilation around the iPod USB Power Adapter and use care when handling. Unplug the iPod USB Power Adapter if any of the following conditions exist:  The power cord or plug has become frayed or damaged.  The adapter is exposed to rain, liquids, or excessive moisture.  The adapter case has become damaged.  You suspect the adapter needs service or repair.  You want to clean the adapter. Avoiding hearing damage Permanent hearing loss may occur if earbuds or headphones are used at high volume. Set the volume to a safe level. You can adapt over time to a higher volume of sound that may sound normal but can be damaging to your hearing. If you experience ringing in your ears or muffled speech, stop listening and have your hearing checked. The louder the volume, the less time is required before your hearing could be affected. Hearing experts suggest that to protect your hearing:  Limit the amount of time you use earbuds or headphones at high volume.  Avoid turning up the volume to block out noisy surroundings.  Turn the volume down if you can’t hear people speaking near you. For information about how to set a maximum volume limit on iPod, see “Setting the Maximum Volume Limit” on page 40. Using headphones safely Use of headphones while operating a vehicle is not recommended and is illegal in some areas. Be careful and attentive while driving. Stop using iPod if you find it disruptive or distracting while operating any type of vehicle or performing any other activity that requires your full attention. Avoiding seizures, blackouts, and eye strain If you have experienced seizures or blackouts, or if you have a family history of such occurrences, please consult a physician before playing video games on iPod (if available). Discontinue use and consult a physician if you experience: convulsion, eye or muscle twitching, loss of awareness, involuntary movements, or disorientation. When watching videos or playing games on iPod (if available), avoid prolonged use and take breaks to prevent eye strain.72 Chapter 8 Safety and Cleaning Important Handling Information Carrying iPod iPod contains sensitive components, including, in some cases, a hard drive. Do not bend, drop, or crush iPod. If you are concerned about scratching iPod, you can use one of the many cases sold separately. Using connectors and ports Never force a connector into a port. Check for obstructions on the port. If the connector and port don’t join with reasonable ease, they probably don’t match. Make sure that the connector matches the port and that you have positioned the connector correctly in relation to the port. Keeping iPod within acceptable temperatures Operate iPod in a place where the temperature is always between 0º and 35º C (32º to 95º F). iPod play time might temporarily shorten in low-temperature conditions. Store iPod in a place where the temperature is always between -20º and 45º C (-4º to 113º F). Don’t leave iPod in your car, because temperatures in parked cars can exceed this range. When you’re using iPod or charging the battery, it is normal for iPod to get warm. The exterior of iPod functions as a cooling surface that transfers heat from inside the unit to the cooler air outside. Keeping the outside of iPod clean To clean iPod, unplug all cables, turn iPod off, and slide the Hold switch (if available) to HOLD. Then use a soft, slightly damp, lint-free cloth. Avoid getting moisture in openings. Don’t use window cleaners, household cleaners, aerosol sprays, solvents, alcohol, ammonia, or abrasives to clean iPod. Disposing of iPod properly For information about the proper disposal of iPod, including other important regulatory compliance information, see “Regulatory Compliance Information” on page 74. NOTICE: Failure to follow these handling instructions could result in damage to iPod or other property.9 73 9 Learning More, Service, and Support You can find more information about using iPod nano in onscreen help and on the web. The following table describes where to get more iPod-related software and service information. To learn about Do this Service and support, discussions, tutorials, and Apple software downloads Go to: www.apple.com/support/ipodnano Using iTunes Open iTunes and choose Help > iTunes Help. For an online iTunes tutorial (available in some areas only), go to: www.apple.com/support/itunes Using iPhoto (on Mac OS X) Open iPhoto and choose Help > iPhoto Help. Using iCal (on Mac OS X) Open iCal and choose Help > iCal Help. The latest information on iPod nano Go to: www.apple.com/ipodnano Registering iPod nano To register iPod nano, install iTunes on your computer and connect iPod nano. Finding the iPod nano serial number Look at the back of iPod nano or choose Settings > About and press the Center button. In iTunes (with iPod nano connected to your computer), select iPod nano in the source list and click the Settings tab. Obtaining warranty service First follow the advice in this booklet, the onscreen help, and online resources. Then go to: www.apple.com/support/ipodnano/ service74 Regulatory Compliance Information FCC Compliance Statement This device complies with part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. See instructions if interference to radio or TV reception is suspected. Radio and TV Interference This computer equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio-frequency energy. If it is not installed and used properly—that is, in strict accordance with Apple’s instructions—it may cause interference with radio and TV reception. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. These specifications are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. You can determine whether your computer system is causing interference by turning it off. If the interference stops, it was probably caused by the computer or one of the peripheral devices. If your computer system does cause interference to radio or TV reception, try to correct the interference by using one or more of the following measures:  Turn the TV or radio antenna until the interference stops.  Move the computer to one side or the other of the TV or radio.  Move the computer farther away from the TV or radio.  Plug the computer in to an outlet that is on a different circuit from the TV or radio. (That is, make certain the computer and the TV or radio are on circuits controlled by different circuit breakers or fuses.) If necessary, consult an Apple Authorized Service Provider or Apple. See the service and support information that came with your Apple product. Or, consult an experienced radio/TV technician for additional suggestions. Important: Changes or modifications to this product not authorized by Apple Inc. could void the EMC compliance and negate your authority to operate the product. This product was tested for EMC compliance under conditions that included the use of Apple peripheral devices and Apple shielded cables and connectors between system components. It is important that you use Apple peripheral devices and shielded cables and connectors between system components to reduce the possibility of causing interference to radios, TV sets, and other electronic devices. You can obtain Apple peripheral devices and the proper shielded cables and connectors through an Apple Authorized Reseller. For non-Apple peripheral devices, contact the manufacturer or dealer for assistance. Responsible party (contact for FCC matters only): Apple Inc. Corporate Compliance 1Infinite Loop, M/S 26-A Cupertino, CA 95014-2084 Industry Canada Statement This Class B device meets all requirements of the Canadian interference-causing equipment regulations. Cet appareil numérique de la classe B respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada. VCCI Class B Statement Korea Class B Statement (૶ ૺૺဧ ઠધබ 75 Russia European Community Battery Replacement The rechargeable battery in iPod nano should be replaced only by an authorized service provider. For battery replacement services go to: www.apple.com/support/ipod/service/battery Disposal and Recycling Information Your iPod must be disposed of properly according to local laws and regulations. Because this product contains a battery, the product must be disposed of separately from household waste. When your iPod reaches its end of life, contact Apple or your local authorities to learn about recycling options. For information about Apple’s recycling program, go to: www.apple.com/environment/recycling Deutschland: Dieses Gerät enthält Batterien. Bitte nicht in den Hausmüll werfen. Entsorgen Sie dieses Gerätes am Ende seines Lebenszyklus entsprechend der maßgeblichen gesetzlichen Regelungen. Nederlands: Gebruikte batterijen kunnen worden ingeleverd bij de chemokar of in een speciale batterijcontainer voor klein chemisch afval (kca) worden gedeponeerd. China: Taiwan: European Union—Disposal Information: This symbol means that according to local laws and regulations your product should be disposed of separately from household waste. When this product reaches its end of life, take it to a collection point designated by local authorities. Some collection points accept products for free. The separate collection and recycling of your product at the time of disposal will help conserve natural resources and ensure that it is recycled in a manner that protects human health and the environment. Apple and the Environment At Apple, we recognize our responsibility to minimize the environmental impacts of our operations and products. For more information, go to: www.apple.com/environment © 2008 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Apple, the Apple logo, FireWire, iCal, iLife, iPhoto, iPod, iPod Socks, iTunes, Mac, Macintosh, and Mac OS are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Finder, the FireWire logo, and Shuffle are trademarks of Apple Inc. iTunes Store is a service mark of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. NIKE is a trademark of NIKE, Inc. and its affiliates and is used under license. Other company and product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies. Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the performance or use of these products. All understandings, agreements, or warranties, if any, take place directly between the vendors and the prospective users. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. Apple is not responsible for printing or clerical errors. The product described in this manual incorporates copyright protection technology that is protected by method claims of certain U.S. patents and other intellectual property rights owned by Macrovision Corporation and other rights owners. Use of this copyright protection technology must be authorized by Macrovision Corporation and is intended for home and other limited viewing uses only unless otherwise authorized by Macrovision Corporation. Reverse engineering or disassembly is prohibited. Apparatus Claims of U.S. Patent Nos. 4,631,603, 4,577,216, 4,819,098 and 4,907,093 licensed for limited viewing uses only. 019-1343/2008-09Index 76 Index A accessing additional options 8 accessories for iPod 62 adding album artwork 24 adding menu items 11, 40 adding music disconnecting iPod 15 from more than one computer 28, 31 manually 29 methods 27 On-The-Go playlists 37 tutorial 73 adding photos about 47 all or selected photos 48, 49 automatically 48 from computer to iPod 48 from iPod to computer 50 full-resolution image 49 address book, syncing 58 Adobe Photoshop Album 68 Adobe Photoshop Elements 68 alarms deleting 55 setting 55 album, browsing by 36 album artwork adding 24 viewing 36 albums, purchasing 22 artist, browsing by 37 audiobooks purchasing 22 setting play speed 43 AV cables 45, 46, 52 B backlight setting timer 12 turning on 7, 12 battery charge states when disconnected 19 charging 17 Energy Saver 19 improving performance 19 rechargeable 19 replacing 19 very low 66 viewing charge status 17 brightness setting 12 browsing by album 36 by artist 37 iTunes Store 21 podcasts 22 quickly 9, 10 songs 7, 34 videos 7 with Cover Flow 9 buttons Center 7 disabling with Hold switch 7 Eject 16 buying. See purchasing C calendar events, syncing 58 Center button, using 7, 34 Charging, Please Wait message 66 charging the battery about 17 using the iPod USB Power Adapter 18 using your computer 17 when battery very low 66 cleaning iPod 72 Click Wheel browsing songs 34 turning off the Click Wheel sound 13 using 7 clocks adding for other time zones 54 settings 54 close captions 46 compilations 40 component AV cable 45, 46, 52Index 77 composite AV cable 45, 46, 52 computer adding photos to iPod 48 charging the battery 17 connecting iPod 14 getting photos from iPod 50 importing photos from camera 47 problems connecting iPod 65 requirements 68 connecting iPod about 14 charging the battery 17 to a TV 46, 52 contacts sorting 59 syncing 58 controls disabling with Hold switch 13 using 7 converting unprotected WMA files 67 converting videos for use with iPod 27 Cover Flow 9 customizing the Music menu 40 D data files, storing on iPod 53 date and time setting 54 viewing 54 determining battery charge 19 diamond icon on scrubber bar 8 digital photos. See photos disconnecting iPod about 14 during music update 15 ejecting first 15 instructions 16 troubleshooting 65 disk, using iPod as 53 displaying time in title bar 54 downloading podcasts 22 video podcasts 26 See also adding; syncing E Eject button 16 ejecting before disconnecting 15 Energy Saver 19 external disk, using iPod as 53 F fast-forwarding a song or video 8 file formats, supported 66 finding your iPod serial number 8 fit video to screen 45 font size, setting 12 full-resolution images 49 G games 56 Genius 8, 25, 38 creating a playlist 8, 38 playing a playlist 8, 38 saving a playlist 8, 38 using in iTunes 25 using on iPod nano 38 getting help 73 getting information about your iPod 13 getting started with iPod 68 H handling information 70 hearing loss warning 63 help, getting 73 Hold switch 7, 13 I iCal, getting help 73 Image Capture, importing photos to a Mac 48 images. See photos importing contacts, calendars, and to-do lists. See syncing importing photos from camera to computer 47 See also adding photos importing videos 27 iPhoto getting help 47, 73 importing photos from camera 47 recommended version 68 iPod Dock 14 iPod Dock Connector 14 iPod Updater application 69 iPod USB power adapter 17 iTunes ejecting iPod 16 getting help 73 setting not to open automatically 53 Sound Check 42 Store 21 iTunes Library, adding songs 22 iTunes Store browsing 21 browsing videos 26 searching 22 signing in 21 L language78 Index resetting 67 specifying 12 letterbox 45 library, adding songs 22 lightning bolt on battery icon 17 locating your iPod serial number 8 locking iPod screen 57 lyrics adding 24 viewing on iPod 35 M Mac OS X operating system 68 main menu adding or removing items 11 opening 7 settings 11, 40 main menu, returning to 7 managing iPod manually 29 manually adding 29 maximum volume limit, setting 40 memos, recording 60 menu items adding or removing 11, 40 choosing 7 returning to main menu 7 returning to previous menu 7 modifying playlists 29 movies syncing 33 syncing selected 32 See also videos music iPod not playing 65 purchasing 22 rating 35 setting for slideshows 51 tutorial 73 See also adding music; songs Music menu, customizing 40 music videos syncing 29 See also videos N navigating quickly 10 notes, storing and reading 60 Now Playing screen moving to any point in a song or video 8 scrubber bar 8 NTSC TV 45, 52 O On-The-Go playlists copying to computer 37 making 37, 38 rating songs 35 saving 37 operating system requirements 68 P PAL TV 45, 52 pausing a song 7 a video 7 phone numbers, syncing 58 photo collections, adding automatically 48 photo library 48 photos adding and viewing 47 deleting 49, 50 full-resolution 49 importing to Windows PC 48 importing using Image Capture 48 syncing 48, 49 viewing on iPod 50 playing games 56 songs 7 videos 7 playlists adding songs 8, 29 making on iPod 37, 38 modifying 29 On-The-Go 37, 38 setting for slideshows 52 plug on battery icon 17 podcasting 42 podcasts browsing 22 downloading 22 downloading video podcasts 26 listening 42 subscribing 22 updating 30 ports RCA video and audio 46, 52 USB 68 power adapter safety 71 Power Search in iTunes Store 22 previous menu, returning to 7 problems. See troubleshooting purchasing songs, albums, audiobooks 22 purchasing videos 26 Q quick navigation 10 R radio accessory 43Index 79 random play 8 rating songs 35 RCA video and audio ports 46, 52 rechargeable batteries 19 recording voice memos 60 registering iPod 73 relative volume, playing songs at 42 removing menu items 11, 40 repairing iPod 70 replacing battery 19 replaying a song or video 8 requirements computer 68 operating system 68 reset all settings 13 resetting iPod 7, 64 resetting the language 67 restore message 66 restoring iPod software 69 rewinding a song or video 8 S Safely Remove Hardware icon 16 safety considerations setting up iPod 70 safety information 70 saving On-The-Go playlists 37 screen lock 57 scrolling quickly 10 scrubber bar 8 searching iPod 10 iTunes Store 22 Select button. See Center button serial number 8, 13 serial number, locating 73 service and support 73 sets of songs. See playlists setting combination for iPod 57 settings about your iPod 13 alarm 55 audiobook play speed 43 backlight timer 12 brightness 12 Click Wheel sound 13 date and time 54 language 12 main menu 11, 40 PAL or NTSC TV 45, 52 playing songs at relative volume 42 repeating songs 40 reset all 13 shuffle songs 39 sleep timer 55 slideshow 51 TV 45 volume limit 40 shuffling songs on iPod 8, 39 sleep mode and charging the battery 17 sleep timer, setting 55 slideshows background music 51 random order 51 setting playlist 52 settings 51 viewing on iPod 52 software getting help 73 iPhoto 68 iPod Updater 69 support versions 68 updating 69 songs adding to On-The-Go playlists 8 browsing 7 browsing and playing 34 entering names 23 fast-forwarding 8 pausing 7 playing 7 playing at relative volume 42 purchasing 22 rating 35 repeating 40 replaying 8 rewinding 8 shuffling 8, 39 skipping ahead 8 viewing lyrics 24 See also music sorting contacts 59 Sound Check 42 spoken menus 61 standard TV 45 stopwatch 55, 56 storing data files on iPod 53 notes on iPod 60 subscribing to podcasts 22 supported operating systems 68 suppressing iTunes from opening 53 syncing address book 58 movies 33 music 27 music videos 29 photos 48, 49 selected movies 32 selected videos 32 to-do lists 5880 Index TV shows 33 videos 31 See also adding T third-party accessories 62 time, displaying in title bar 54 timer, setting for backlight 12 time zones, clocks for 54 title bar, displaying time 54 to-do lists, syncing 58 transitions for slides 51 troubleshooting connecting iPod to computer 65 cross-platform use 69 disconnecting iPod 65 iPod not playing music 65 iPod won’t respond 64 resetting iPod 64 restore message 66 safety considerations 70 setting incorrect language 67 slow syncing of music or data 66 software update and restore 69 TV slideshows 68 unlocking iPod screen 69 turning iPod on and off 7 tutorial 73 TV connecting to iPod 46, 52 PAL or NTSC 45, 52 settings 45 viewing slideshows 46, 52 TV shows syncing 33 See also videos U unlocking iPod screen 57, 69 unresponsive iPod 64 unsupported audio file formats 67 updating and restoring software 69 USB 2.0 port recommendation 68 slow syncing of music or data 66 USB port on keyboard 14 Use iTunes to restore message in display 66 V video captions 46 video podcasts downloading 26 viewing on a TV 45 videos adding to iPod 31 browsing 7 browsing in iTunes Store 26 converting 27 fast-forwarding 8 importing into iTunes 27 pausing 7 playing 7 purchasing 26 replaying 8 rewinding 8 skipping ahead 8 syncing 31 viewing on a TV 45 viewing on iPod 44 viewing album artwork 36 viewing lyrics 35 viewing photos 50 viewing slideshows on a TV 46, 52 on iPod 52 settings 51 troubleshooting 68 voice memos recording 60 syncing with your computer 60 volume changing 7 setting maximum limit 40 W warranty service 73 widescreen TV 45 Windows importing photos 48 supported operating systems 68 troubleshooting 69 WMA files, converting 67 Safari Web Content GuideContents Developing Web Content for Safari 9 At a Glance 9 Making It Work 9 Enhancing the User Experience 10 How to Use This Document 11 Prerequisites 11 See Also 11 Introduction 13 Who Should Read This Document 14 Organization of This Document 14 See Also 15 Creating Compatible Web Content 18 Use Standards 18 Follow Good Web Design Practices 19 Use Security Features 20 Avoid Framesets 20 Use Columns and Blocks 21 Know iOS Resource Limits 23 Checking the Size of Webpages 24 Use the Select Element 25 Use Supported JavaScript Windows and Dialogs 25 Use Supported Content Types and iOS Features 26 Use Canvas for Vector Graphics and Animation 29 Use the HTML5 Audio and Video Elements 29 Use Supported iOS Rich Media MIME Types 29 Don’t Use Unsupported iOS Technologies 30 Optimizing Web Content 33 Using Conditional CSS 33 Using the Safari User Agent String 36 Configuring the Viewport 38 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2Layout and Metrics on iPhone and iPod touch 39 What Is the Viewport? 39 Safari on the Desktop Viewport 41 Safari on iOS Viewport 41 Examples of Viewports on iOS 42 Default Viewport Settings 46 Using the Viewport Meta Tag 46 Changing the Viewport Width and Height 47 How Safari Infers the Width, Height, and Initial Scale 50 Viewport Settings for Web Applications 55 Customizing Style Sheets 58 Leveraging CSS3 Properties 58 Adjusting the Text Size 58 Highlighting Elements 60 Designing Forms 62 Laying Out Forms 62 Customizing Form Controls 64 Configuring Automatic Correction and Capitalization 66 Handling Events 68 One-Finger Events 69 Two-Finger Events 72 Form and Document Events 73 Making Elements Clickable 73 Handling Multi-Touch Events 74 Handling Gesture Events 77 Preventing Default Behavior 79 Handling Orientation Events 79 Supported Events 81 Promoting Apps with Smart App Banners 84 Implementing a Smart App Banner on Your Website 85 Providing Navigational Context to Your App 85 Configuring Web Applications 87 Specifying a Webpage Icon for Web Clip 87 Specifying a Startup Image 89 Hiding Safari User Interface Components 89 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 ContentsChanging the Status Bar Appearance 89 Creating Video 91 Sizing Movies Appropriately 92 Don’t Let the Bit Rate Stall Your Movie 92 Using Supported Movie Standards 92 Encoding Video for Wi-Fi, 3G, and EDGE 93 Creating a Reference Movie 94 Creating a Poster Image for Movies 94 Configuring Your Server 95 Storing Data on the Client 97 Creating a Manifest File 97 Declaring a Manifest File 98 Updating the Cache 98 Handling Cache Events 99 Getting Geographic Locations 101 Geographic Location Classes 101 Getting the Current Location 101 Tracking the Current Location 102 Handling Location Errors 103 Debugging 104 Enabling Web Inspector on iOS 104 Inspecting From Your Mac 106 Inspecting Content in a Web View 107 Using JavaScript to Interact with Your Device 108 HTML Basics 110 What Is HTML? 110 Basic HTML Structure 110 Creating Effective HTML Content 112 Using Other HTML Features 115 CSS Basics 117 What Is CSS? 117 Inline CSS 117 Head-Embedded CSS 118 External CSS 120 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 ContentsDocument Revision History 122 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 ContentsFigures, Tables, and Listings Creating Compatible Web Content 18 Figure 1-1 Comparison of frameset on the desktop and iOS 21 Figure 1-2 Comparison of no columns vs. columns 22 Figure 1-3 Comparison of the select element on the desktop and iOS 25 Figure 1-4 Confirm dialog 26 Figure 1-5 Playing video on iOS 27 Figure 1-6 Viewing PDF documents on iOS 28 Table 1-1 Supported iOS rich media MIME types 29 Optimizing Web Content 33 Figure 2-1 Small device rendering 34 Figure 2-2 Desktop rendering 34 Listing 2-1 Screen-specific style sheet 35 Listing 2-2 Print-specific style sheet 35 Listing 2-3 iPhone running on iOS 2.0 user agent string 36 Listing 2-4 iPod touch running iOS 1.1.3 user agent string 37 Listing 2-5 iPad running iOS 3.2 user agent string 37 Listing 2-6 iPhone running iOS 1.0 user agent string 37 Configuring the Viewport 38 Figure 3-1 Layout and metrics in portrait orientation 39 Figure 3-2 Differences between Safari on iOS and Safari on the desktop 40 Figure 3-3 Safari on desktop viewport 41 Figure 3-4 Viewport with default settings 42 Figure 3-5 Viewport with width set to 320 43 Figure 3-6 Viewport with width set to 320 and scale set to 150% 44 Figure 3-7 Viewport with width set to 320 and scale set to 50% 45 Figure 3-8 Viewport with arbitrary user scale 45 Figure 3-9 Default settings work well for most webpages 46 Figure 3-10 Comparison of 320 and 980 viewport widths 48 Figure 3-11 Webpage is too narrow for default settings 49 Figure 3-12 Web application page is too small for default settings 50 Figure 3-13 Default width and initial scale 51 Figure 3-14 Default width with initial scale set to 1.0 52 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6Figure 3-15 Width set to 320 with default initial scale 53 Figure 3-16 Width set to 200 with default initial scale 54 Figure 3-17 Width set to 980 and initial scale set to 1.0 55 Figure 3-18 Not specifying viewport properties 56 Figure 3-19 Width set to device-width pixels 57 Customizing Style Sheets 58 Figure 4-1 Comparison of text adjustment settings 59 Figure 4-2 Differences between default and custom highlighting 61 Listing 4-1 Setting the text size adjustment property 60 Listing 4-2 Changing the tap highlight color 60 Designing Forms 62 Figure 5-1 Form metrics when the keyboard is displayed 63 Figure 5-2 A custom checkbox 64 Figure 5-3 A custom text field 65 Figure 5-4 A custom select element 66 Table 5-1 Form metrics 63 Listing 5-1 Creating a custom checkbox with CSS 64 Listing 5-2 Creating a custom text field with CSS 65 Listing 5-3 Creating a custom select control with CSS 66 Handling Events 68 Figure 6-1 The panning gesture 69 Figure 6-2 The touch and hold gesture 70 Figure 6-3 The double-tap gesture 71 Figure 6-4 One-finger gesture emulating a mouse 72 Figure 6-5 The pinch open gesture 72 Figure 6-6 Two-finger panning gesture 73 Table 6-1 Types of events 82 Listing 6-1 A menu using a mouseover handler 73 Listing 6-2 Adding an onclick handler 74 Listing 6-3 Displaying the orientation 80 Promoting Apps with Smart App Banners 84 Figure 7-1 A Smart App Banner of the Apple Store app 84 Listing 7-1 Routing the user to the correct view controller 86 Creating Video 91 Figure 9-1 Export movie panel 93 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Figures, Tables, and ListingsFigure 9-2 Reference movie components 94 Table 9-1 File name extensions for MIME types 95 Storing Data on the Client 97 Listing 10-1 Sample manifest file 98 Debugging 104 Figure 12-1 The Develop menu 106 Figure 12-2 Web Inspector 106 Figure 12-3 Observing the value of document.title in the debug console 108 Figure 12-4 Alert dialog triggered from the debug console 109 HTML Basics 110 Listing A-1 Basic HTML document 110 Listing A-2 Adding a paragraph 113 Listing A-3 Adding a heading 113 Listing A-4 Creating a hyperlink 113 Listing A-5 Adding an image 114 Listing A-6 Creating a table 115 CSS Basics 117 Listing B-1 The styles.css file 120 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Figures, Tables, and ListingsSafari is a full-featured Web browser for Mac OS, Windows, and iOS. You don't need to add any Safari-specific tweaks to make your website work with Safari or to make your website work on iOS-based devices. If you design your website using W3C standardsfor HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and don't rely on third-party plug-ins, users can view and interact with your website using Safari on all supported platforms. Making websites work with Safari is just a first step, however. It should be your goal to optimize websites to create the best experience for all users, including people using Safari on handheld devices with touch screens. Use CSS to change the layout of your website in portrait or landscape modes, for example; add touch and gesture support; animate changes in CSS properties for Safari users, and so on. At a Glance There are three main areas to focus on when creating web content for Safari: ● Make sure your website is compatible with Safari. ● Enhance the user experience in Safari, particularly on mobile devices. ● Make the best use of dynamically changing network bandwidth when delivering audio and video. Making It Work Safari has an array of built-in tools for quickly spotting incompatibilities and debugging problems. If you have a website up and running, and are getting complaintsthat the site doesn't work with Safari, it is usually because of one of the following problems: ● The site uses Internet Explorer extensions that other browsers don't support. ● The site includes media compressed in a format that Safari doesn't support. ● The site relies on plug-ins to handle audio, video, or animation. Use the Error Console to immediately identify and locate any unsupported HTML, CSS, or JavaScript, making it easy to correct. 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Developing Web Content for SafariThere are Safari-compatible media formats and embedding techniques for every job. Safari supports audio media in AAC, MP3, AIFF, and WAVE formats on all platforms. Safari supports video media encoded using H.264 compression, commonly used in MPEG-4 format, on all platforms. Handheld devicessupport a somewhat more limited set of MPEG-4 profiles than desktop devices. Safari on the desktop supports plug-ins. There are Safari-compatible versions of all common plug-ins, including QuickTime, Flash, and SilverLight. Safari on iOS does not support plug-ins. To make your website accessible using handheld devices, do not rely on plug-ins to display content. Use the HTML5

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    ,
      , and ) or image element. If the found element is a block, Safari on iOS zooms the content to fit the screen width and then centers it. If it is an image, Safari on iOS zooms to fit the image and then centers it. If the block or image is already zoomed in, Safari on iOS zooms out. Your webpage works well with double-tapping if you use columns and blocks. Read “CSS Basics” (page 117) for how to add CSS to existing HTML. Creating Compatible Web Content Use Columns and Blocks 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22Know iOS Resource Limits Your webpage performing well on the desktop is no guarantee that it will perform well on iOS. Keep in mind that iOS uses EDGE (lower bandwidth, higher latency), 3G (higher bandwidth, higher latency), and Wi-Fi (higher bandwidth, lower latency) to connect to the Internet. Therefore, you need to minimize the size of your webpage. Including unused or unnecessary images, CSS, and JavaScript in your webpages adversely affects your site’s performance on iOS. Because of the memory available on iOS, there are limits on the number of resources it can process: ● The maximum size for decoded GIF, PNG, and TIFF images is 3 megapixels for devices with less than 256 MB RAM and 5 megapixels for devices with greater or equal than 256 MB RAM. That is, ensure that width * height ≤ 3 * 1024 * 1024 for devices with less than 256 MB RAM. Note that the decoded size is far larger than the encoded size of an image. ● The maximum decoded image size for JPEG is 32 megapixels using subsampling. JPEG images can be up to 32 megapixels due to subsampling, which allows JPEG images to decode to a size that has one sixteenth the number of pixels. JPEG images larger than 2 megapixels are subsampled—that is, decoded to a reduced size. JPEG subsampling allows the user to view images from the latest digital cameras. ● The maximum size for a canvas element is 3 megapixels for devices with less than 256 MB RAM and 5 megapixels for devices with greater or equal than 256 MB RAM. The height and width of a canvas object is 150 x 300 pixels if not specified. ● JavaScript execution time is limited to 10 seconds for each top-level entry point. If your script executes for more than 10 seconds, Safari on iOS stops executing the script at a random place in your code, so unintended consequences may result. This limit is imposed because JavaScript execution may cause the main thread to block, so when scripts are running, the user is not able to interact with the webpage. Read “Debugging” (page 104) for how to debug JavaScript on iOS. ● The maximum number of documents that can be open at once is eight on iPhone and nine on iPad. Creating Compatible Web Content Know iOS Resource Limits 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23iOS Note: In iOS 1.1.4 and earlier, the JavaScript execution time was limited to 5 seconds and the size of allocations to 10 MB. Also, the limit on the size of canvas elements was the same as Safari on the desktop. In iOS 2.2.1 and earlier, the sum of all of the frames needs to be less than 2 megapixels—that is, width * height * number of frames ≤ 2 * 1024 * 1024. In iOS 3.0 and later, the limit only applies to one frame at a time. You also need to size images appropriately. Don’t rely on browser scaling. For example, don’t put a 100 x 100 image in a 10 x 10 element. Tile small backgrounds images; don’t use large background images. Checking the Size of Webpages You can check the size of your webpages by using Safari’s Web Inspector as described in “Optimizing Download Time” in Safari User Guide for Web Developers or by saving your webpage as a web archive. The total size of the web archive is the size of the page and its associated resources. Follow these steps to create a web archive: 1. Choose File > Save As. 2. Enter the filename in the Save As text field. 3. Choose Web Archive from the Format pop-up menu. 4. Click Save. On OS X, check the size of the web archive using either Finder or Terminal. Typically, pages under 30 MB work fine on iOS. Creating Compatible Web Content Know iOS Resource Limits 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24Use the Select Element If you use the select HTML element in your webpage, iOS displays a custom select control that is optimized for selecting items in the list using a finger as the input device. On iOS, the user can flick to scroll the list and tap to select an item from the list. Figure 1-3 compares the select element on the desktop with the select element on iOS. Figure 1-3 Comparison of the select element on the desktop and iOS Select on the desktop Select on iPhone Use Supported JavaScript Windows and Dialogs Use windows and dialogs supported by Safari on iOS and avoid the others. You can open a new window in JavaScript by invoking window.open(). Remember that the maximum number of documents—hence, the maximum number of open windows—is eight on iOS. Creating Compatible Web Content Use the Select Element 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25Supported JavaScript dialog methodsinclude alert, confirm, print, and prompt. If you use these methods, Safari on iOS displays an attractive dialog that doesn’t obscure the webpage, as show in Figure 1-4. Figure 1-4 Confirm dialog iOS Note: Note that the showModalDialog method is not supported in Safari on iOS. Use Supported Content Types and iOS Features Be aware of the features you get for free in Safari on iOS by using supported content types and elements that tailor the presentation of content for small handheld devices with touch screens. In particular, Safari on iOS handles content types such as video and PDF files different from the desktop. Safari on iOS also has the ability to preview content types and launch another application if it is available to display that type of document. Following links such as phone numbers in your web content may launch applications too. Creating Compatible Web Content Use Supported Content Types and iOS Features 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26On iPhone and iPod touch, the video and audio is played back in fullscreen mode only. The video automatically expands to the size of the screen and rotates when the user changes orientation, as shown in Figure 1-5. The controls automatically hide when they are not in use. On iPad, the video and audio is played either inline in the webpage or in fullscreen mode. Read “Creating Video” (page 91) for how to export video for iOS. Figure 1-5 Playing video on iOS Creating Compatible Web Content Use Supported Content Types and iOS Features 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27PDF documents are easy to view using Safari on iOS and even easier to page through as shown in Figure 1-6. PDF documents linked from web content are opened automatically. The page indicator keeps track of where the user isin a document. And just as with video, the user can rotate iOS to view a PDF in landscape orientation. Figure 1-6 Viewing PDF documents on iOS Safari on iOS previews other content typeslike MS Office (Word, Excel and PowerPoint), iWork (Pages, Numbers, and Keynote), and RTF documents. If another application registersfor a content type that Safari on iOS previews, then that application is used to open the document. For example, on iPad, Pages may be used to open Word and Pages documents that are previewed in Safari on iOS. If another application registers for a content type that Safari on iOS doesn’tsupport natively or preview, then Safari on iOS allowsthe document to be downloaded and opened using that application. iOS Note: Previews of RTF documents is available in iOS 3.2 and later. The ability to open a downloaded file is available in iOS 3.2 and later. When the user taps certain types of links, Safari on iOS may launch a native application to handle the link—for example, Mail to compose an email message, Maps to get directions, and YouTube to view a video. If the user taps a telephone number link on a phone device, a dialog appears asking whether the user wants to dial that number.On the desktop,most ofthese linksredirectto the respective website. Read Apple URL Scheme Reference to learn more about using these types of links in your web content. Creating Compatible Web Content Use Supported Content Types and iOS Features 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28iOS Note: Note that Java and Flash content types are not supported. See “Don’t Use Unsupported iOS Technologies” (page 30) for a complete list of unsupported technologies. Use Canvas for Vector Graphics and Animation You can use the same canvas object used by Dashboard widgets to implement sophisticated user interfaces for web applications. The canvas object was introduced in Safari 2.0, is adopted by other browser engines, and is part of the WHATWG specification. Read WebKit DOM Programming Topics to learn more about using the canvas object. Use the HTML5 Audio and Video Elements You can use the HTML5 audio and video elements to add audio and video to your webpages. On smaller deviceslike iPhone and iPad touch, the movie playsin fullscreen mode only and automatic playback is disabled so a user action is required to initiate playback. On iPad, the video plays inline in the webpage. When the video is played inline, you can create custom controls and receive media events—for example, pause and play events—to enhance the user experience. Use the HTMLMediaElement class and its subclasses, described in Safari DOM Additions Reference , to do this. Read Safari HTML5 Audio and Video Guide for more in-depth information on the audio and video elements. Read “Creating Video” (page 91) for how to create media files compatible with Safari. Use Supported iOS Rich Media MIME Types Table 1-1 lists the rich media MIME types supported by Safari on iOS. Files with these MIME types and filename extensions can be played on iOS. Table 1-1 Supported iOS rich media MIME types MIME type Description Extensions audio/3gpp 3GPP media 3gp, 3gpp audio/3gpp2 3GPP2 media 3g2, 3gp2 audio/aiff AIFF audio aiff, aif, aifc, cdda audio/x-aiff audio/amr AMR audio amr Creating Compatible Web Content Use Canvas for Vector Graphics and Animation 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29MIME type Description Extensions audio/mp3 MP3 audio mp3, swa audio/mpeg3 audio/x-mp3 audio/x-mpeg3 audio/mp4 MPEG-4 media mp4 audio/mpeg MPEG audio mpeg, mpg, mp3, swa audio/x-mpeg audio/wav WAVE audio wav, bwf audio/x-wav audio/x-m4a AAC audio m4a audio/x-m4b AAC audio book m4b audio/x-m4p AAC audio (protected) m4p video/3gpp 3GPP media 3gp, 3gpp video/3gpp2 3GPP2 media 3g2, 3gp2 video/mp4 MPEG-4 media mp4 video/quicktime QuickTime Movie mov, qt, mqv video/x-m4v Video m4v Don’t Use Unsupported iOS Technologies In general, Safari on iOS does not support any third-party plug-ins or features that require access to the file system. The following web technologies are not supported on iOS: ● Modal dialogs Don’t use window.showModalDialog() in JavaScript. Read “Use Supported JavaScript Windows and Dialogs” (page 25) for a list of supported dialogs. ● Mouse-over events The user cannot “mouse-over” a nonclickable element on iOS. The element must be clickable for a mouseover event to occur as described in “One-Finger Events” (page 69). Creating Compatible Web Content Don’t Use Unsupported iOS Technologies 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30● Hover styles Since a mouseover event is sent only before a mousedown event, hover styles are displayed only if the user touches and holds a clickable element with a hover style. Read “Handling Events” (page 68) for all the events generated by gestures on iOS. ● Tooltips Similar to hover styles, tooltips are not displayed unless the user touches and holds a clickable element with a tooltip. ● Java applets ● Flash Don’t bring up JavaScript alerts that ask users to download Flash. ● QuickTime VR (QTVR) movies ● Plug-in installation ● Custom x.509 certificates ● WML Safari on iOS is not a miniature web browser—it is a full web browser that renders pages as designed—therefore, there is no need for Safari on iOS to support Wireless Markup Language (WML). Alternatively, it does support XHTML mobile profile document types and sites at .mobi domains. The XHTML mobile document type is: ● File uploads and downloads Safari on iOS does not support file uploading, that is, elements. If your webpage includes an input-file control, Safari on iOS disables it. Because iOS does not support file downloads, do not prompt the user to download plug-ins like Flash on iOS. See “Using the Safari User Agent String” (page 36) for how to detect Safari on iOS. By default, Safari on iOS blocks pop-up windows. However, it is a preference that the user can change. To change the Safari settings, tap Settings followed by Safari. The Block Pop-ups setting appears in the Security section. Creating Compatible Web Content Don’t Use Unsupported iOS Technologies 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31iOSNote: The HTML contenteditable attribute issupported in iOS 5.0 and later. In earlier versions, replace contenteditable, used to enable textinput within a styled element, with a styled textarea element. In Safari, you can customize the appearance of textarea elements using CSS. If necessary, you can even disable any platform-specific, built-in styling on a textarea element by setting -webkit-appearance to none. The window.print() method is supported in iOS 4.2 and later. Downloadable web fonts are supported in iOS 1.1.4 and earlier, and iOS 4.2 and later. SVG is supported in iOS 2.1 and later. XSLT is supported in iOS 2.0 and later. Creating Compatible Web Content Don’t Use Unsupported iOS Technologies 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32The first step in optimizing web content for iOS is to separate your iOS-specific content from your desktop content and the next step is to tailor the web content for iOS. You might want to follow these steps even if iOS is not your target platform so your web content is more maintainable in the future. Use conditional CSS so that you can create iOS-specific style sheets as described in “Using Conditional CSS” (page 33). You can also use object detection and WebKit detection as described in “Follow Good Web Design Practices” (page 19) to use extensions but remain browser-independent. Only if necessary, use the user agent string as described in “Using the Safari User Agent String” (page 36) to detect Safari on iOS or a specific device. After optimizing your content, read the rest of the chapters in this document to learn how to set viewport properties, adjust text size, lay out forms, handle events, use application links, and export media for iOS. Finally read “Debugging” (page 104) for how to debug your webpages. Using Conditional CSS Once you use CSS to lay out your webpage in columns, you can use conditional CSS to create different layouts for specific platforms and mobile devices. Using CSS3 media queries, you can add iOS-specific style sheets to your webpage without affecting how your webpages are rendered on other platforms. 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 33 Optimizing Web ContentFor example, Figure 2-1 shows a webpage containing conditional CSS specifically for iOS. Figure 2-2 shows the same webpage rendered on the desktop. Figure 2-1 Small device rendering Figure 2-2 Desktop rendering CSS3 recognizes several media types, including print, handheld, and screen. iOS ignores print and handheld media queries because these types do not supply high-end web content. Therefore, use the screen media type query for iOS. Optimizing Web Content Using Conditional CSS 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34To specify a style sheet that isjust for iOS without affecting other devices, use the only keyword in combination with the screen keyword in your HTML file. Older browsers ignore the only keyword and won’t read your iOS style sheet. Use max-device-width, and min-device-width to describe the screen size. For example, to specify a style sheet for iPhone and iPod touch, use an expression similar to the following: To specify a style sheet for devices other than iOS, use an expression similar to the following: Alternatively, you can use this format inside a CSS block in an HTML file, or in an external CSS file: @media screen and (min-device-width: 481px) { ... } Here are some examples of CSS3 media-specific style sheets where you might provide a different style for screen and print. Listing 2-1 displays white text on dark gray background for the screen. Listing 2-2 displays black text on white background and hides navigation for print. Listing 2-1 Screen-specific style sheet @media screen { #text { color: white; background-color: black; } } Listing 2-2 Print-specific style sheet @media print { #text { color: black; background-color: white; } #nav { display: none; } } For more information on media queries, see: http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-mediaqueries/. Optimizing Web Content Using Conditional CSS 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 35Using the Safari User Agent String A browser sends a special string, called a user agent, to websites to identify itself. The web server, or JavaScript in the downloaded webpage, detects the client’s identity and can modify its behavior accordingly. In the simplest case, the user agentstring includes an application name—for example, Navigator asthe application name and 6.0 as the version. Safari on the desktop and Safari on iOS have their own user agent strings, too. The Safari user agent string for iOS is similar to the user agent string for Safari on the desktop except for two additions: It contains a platform name and the mobile version number. The device name is contained in the platform name. For example, you can detect iOS and the specific device such as iPad. Typically, you do not send iPhone-specific web content to an iPad since it has a much larger screen. Note that the version numbers in this string are subject to change over time as new versions of iOS become available, so any code that checks the user agent string should not rely on version numbers. For example, Listing 2-3 shows the user agent string for an iPhone running iOS 2.0 and later, where the string XXXX is replaced with the build number. Listing 2-3 iPhone running on iOS 2.0 user agent string Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU iOS 2_0 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/525.18.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/3.1.1 Mobile/XXXXX Safari/525.20 The parts of the Safari on iOS user agent string are as follows: (iPhone; U; CPU iOS 2_0 like Mac OS X; en-us) The platform string. iPhone is replaced with iPod when running on an iPod touch and iPad when running on an iPad. AppleWebKit/525.18.1 The WebKit engine build number. Version/3.1.1 The Safari family version. Mobile/XXXXX The mobile version number, where XXXX is the build number. Safari/525.20 The Safari build number. For example, the user agent string for an iPod touch contains iPod in the platform name as shown in Listing 2-4. Optimizing Web Content Using the Safari User Agent String 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 36Listing 2-4 iPod touch running iOS 1.1.3 user agent string Mozilla/5.0 (iPod; U; CPU like Mac OS X; en) AppleWebKit/420.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/3.0 Mobile/4A93 Safari/419.3 The user agent string for an iPad contains iPad in the platform name as shown in Listing 2-5. Listing 2-5 iPad running iOS 3.2 user agent string Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 3_2 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/531.21.10 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0.4 Mobile/7B334b Safari/531.21.10 Note that the user agent string is slightly different for earlier Safari on iOS releases. Listing 2-6 shows the user agent string for an iPhone running iOS 1.1.4 and earlier. Note that the platform string does not contain the iOS version number. Listing 2-6 iPhone running iOS 1.0 user agent string Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU like Mac OS X; en) AppleWebKit/420+ (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/3.0 Mobile/1A543 Safari/419.3 Typically, you use the WebKit build number to test for supported WebKit HTML tags and CSS properties. The Safari family version, or marketing version, is included in the user agent string for Safari on the desktop, too. Therefore, you can use it to track usage statistics across all Safari platforms. Go to these websites to learn more about other recommended techniques for detecting Safari and WebKit: ● webkit.org http://trac.webkit.org/projects/webkit/wiki/DetectingWebKit Contains JavaScript sample code for detecting Safari on iPhone and iPod touch. ● developer.apple.com http://developer.apple.com/internet/webcontent/objectdetection.html Optimizing Web Content Using the Safari User Agent String 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37Safari on iOS displays webpages at a scale that worksfor most web content originally designed for the desktop. If these default settings don’t work for your webpages, it is highly recommended that you change the settings by configuring the viewport. You especially need to configure the viewport if you are designing webpages specifically for iOS. Configuring the viewport is easy—just add one line of HTML to your webpage—but understanding how viewport properties affect the presentation of your webpages on iOS is more complex. Before configuring the viewport, you need a deeper understanding of what the visible area and viewport are on iOS. If you are already familiar with the viewport on iOS, read “Using the Viewport Meta Tag” (page 46) for details on the viewport tag and “Viewport Settingsfor Web Applications” (page 55) for web application tips. Otherwise, read the sections in this chapter in the following order: ● Read “Layout and Metrics on iPhone and iPod touch” (page 39) to learn about the available screen space for webpages on small devices. ● Read “What Is the Viewport?” (page 39) for a deeper understanding of the viewport on iOS. ● Read “Default Viewport Settings” (page 46) and “Using the Viewport Meta Tag” (page 46) for how to use the viewport meta tag. ● Read “Changing the Viewport Width and Height” (page 47) and “How Safari Infers the Width, Height, and Initial Scale” (page 50) to understand better how setting viewport properties affects the way webpages are rendered on iOS. ● Read “Viewport Settings for Web Applications” (page 55) if you are designing a web application for iOS. See “Supported Meta Tags” for a complete description of the viewport meta tag. 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 38 Configuring the ViewportLayout and Metrics on iPhone and iPod touch Because Safari on iOS adds controls above and below your web content, you don’t have access to the entire screen real estate. In portrait orientation, the visible area for web content on iPhone and iPod touch is 320 x 356 pixels as shown in Figure 1-1. In landscape orientation, the visible area is 480 x 208 pixels. Figure 3-1 Layout and metrics in portrait orientation 480 pixels Status bar: 20 pixels URL text field: 60 pixels Visible area: 320 x 356 pixels Button bar: 44 pixels Note that if the URL text field is not in use, it is anchored above the webpage and moves with the webpage when the user pans. This adds 60 pixels to the height of the visible area. However, since the URL text field can appear at any time, you should not rely on this extra real estate when designing your webpage. Video playback uses the entire screen on small devices. Read “Laying Out Forms” (page 62) in “Designing Forms” (page 62) for more metrics when the keyboard is displayed for user input. Note: Although it is helpful to know the metrics on small devices like iPhone and iPod touch, you should avoid using these values in your code. Read “Using the Viewport Meta Tag” (page 46) for how to use the viewport meta tag constants. What Is the Viewport? The viewport on the desktop and the viewport on iOS are slightly different. Configuring the Viewport Layout and Metrics on iPhone and iPod touch 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39Safari on iOS has no windows, scroll bars, or resize buttons as shown on the right in Figure 3-2. The user pans by flicking a finger. The user zooms in by double-tapping and pinch opening, and zooms out by pinch closing—gestures that are not available for Safari on the desktop. Because of the differences in the way users interact with web content, the viewport on the desktop and on iOS are not the same. Note that these differences between the viewports may affect some of the HTML and CSS instructions on iOS. Figure 3-2 Differences between Safari on iOS and Safari on the desktop Safari on the desktop Safari on iPhone Configuring the Viewport What Is the Viewport? 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40Safari on the Desktop Viewport The viewport on the desktop is the visible area of the webpage as shown in Figure 3-3. The user resizes the viewport by resizing the window. If the webpage is larger than the viewport, then the user scrolls to see more of the webpage. When the viewport isresized, Safari may change the document’slayout—for example, expand or shrink the width of the text to fit. If the webpage is smaller than the viewport, it is filled with white space to fit the size of the viewport. Figure 3-3 Safari on desktop viewport Viewport Safari on iOS Viewport For Safari on iOS, the viewport is the area that determines how content is laid out and where text wraps on the webpage. The viewport can be larger or smaller than the visible area. When the user pans a webpage on iOS, gray bars appear on the right and bottom sides of the screen as visual feedback to show the user the size of the visible area as compared to the viewport (similar to the length of scroll bars on the desktop). Using the double tap, pinch open, and pinch close gestures, users can change the scale of the viewport but not the size. The only exception is when the user changes from portrait to landscape orientation—under certain circumstances, Safari on iOS may adjust the viewport width and height, and consequently, change the webpage layout. You can set the viewport size and other properties of your webpage. Mostly, you do this to improve the presentation the first time iOS renders the webpage. Configuring the Viewport What Is the Viewport? 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 41Examples of Viewports on iOS The viewport on iOS is best illustrated using a few examples. Figure 3-4 shows a webpage on iPhone, containing a single 320 x 356 pixel image, that is rendered for the first time using the default viewport settings. Figure 3-4 Viewport with default settings Viewport default width = 980 pixels Configuring the Viewport What Is the Viewport? 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 42Figure 3-5 shows the same webpage with the viewport set to the size of the visible area, which is also the size of the image. Figure 3-5 Viewport with width set to 320 Viewport width = 320 pixels scale = 1.0 Configuring the Viewport What Is the Viewport? 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 43However, the viewport can be larger or smaller than the visible area. If the viewport is larger than the visible area, as shown in Figure 3-6, then the user pans to see more of the webpage. Figure 3-6 Viewport with width set to 320 and scale set to 150% Viewport width = 320 pixels scale = 1.5 Visible area Configuring the Viewport What Is the Viewport? 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 44Figure 3-7 show the webpage when it is smaller than the viewport and filled with white space. Figure 3-7 Viewport with width set to 320 and scale set to 50% Viewport width = 320 pixels scale = 0.5 The user can also zoom in and out using gestures. When zooming in and out, the user changes the scale of the viewport, not the size of the viewport. Consequently, panning and zooming do not change the layout of the webpage. Figure 3-8 shows the same webpage when the user zooms in to see details. Figure 3-8 Viewport with arbitrary user scale User zoom, arbitrary scale Configuring the Viewport What Is the Viewport? 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 45Default Viewport Settings Safari on iOS sets the size and scale of the viewport to reasonable defaults that work well for most webpages, as shown on the left in Figure 3-9. The default width is 980 pixels. However, these defaults may not work well for your webpages, particularly if you are tailoring your website for a particular device. For example, the webpage on the right in Figure 3-9 appears too narrow. Because Safari on iOS provides a viewport, you can change the default settings. Figure 3-9 Default settings work well for most webpages Works well Too narrow Using the Viewport Meta Tag Use the viewport meta tag to improve the presentation of your web content on iOS. Typically, you use the viewport meta tag to set the width and initialscale of the viewport. For example, if your webpage is narrower than 980 pixels, then you should set the width of the viewport to fit your web content. If you are designing an iPhone or iPod touch-specific web application, then set the width to the width of the device. Refer to “Additional meta Tag Keys” in Safari HTML Reference for a detailed description of the viewport meta tag. Because iOS runs on devices with differentscreen resolutions, you should use the constantsinstead of numeric values when referring to the dimensions of a device. Use device-width for the width of the device and device-height for the height in portrait orientation. Configuring the Viewport Default Viewport Settings 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 46You do not need to set every viewport property. If only a subset of the properties are set, then Safari on iOS infers the other values. For example, if you set the scale to 1.0, Safari assumes the width is device-width in portrait and device-height in landscape orientation. Therefore, if you want the width to be 980 pixels and the initial scale to be 1.0, then set both of these properties. For example, to set the viewport width to the width of the device, add this to your HTML file: To set the initial scale to 1.0, add this to your HTML file: To set the initial scale and to turn off user scaling, add this to your HTML file: Use the Safari on iOS console to help debug your webpages as described in “Debugging” (page 104). The console contains tips to help you choose viewport values—for example, it reminds you to use the constants when referring to the device width and height. Changing the Viewport Width and Height Typically, you set the viewport width to match your web content. Thisisthe single most important optimization that you can do for iOS—make sure your webpage looks good the first time it is displayed on iOS. Configuring the Viewport Changing the Viewport Width and Height 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 47The majority of webpages fit nicely in the visible area with the viewport width set to 980 pixels in portrait orientation, as shown in Figure 3-10. If Safari on iOS did not set the viewport width to 980 pixels, then only the upper-left corner of the webpage, shown in gray, would be displayed. However, this default doesn’t work for all webpages, so you’ll want to use the viewport meta tag if your webpage is different. Figure 3-10 Comparison of 320 and 980 viewport widths 320 pixels 980 pixels 356 pixels 1090 pixels If your webpage is narrower than the default width, as shown on the left in Figure 3-11, then set the viewport width to the width of your webpage, as shown on the right in Figure 3-11. To do this, add the following to your HTML file inside the
      block, replacing 590 with the width of your webpage: Configuring the Viewport Changing the Viewport Width and Height 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 48 Figure 3-11 Webpage is too narrow for default settings Default width Custom width 980 pixels 590 pixels Configuring the Viewport Changing the Viewport Width and Height 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 49It is particularly important to change the viewport width for web applications designed for devices with smaller screens such as iPhone and iPod touch. Figure 3-12 shows the effect of setting the viewport width to device-width. Read “Viewport Settings for Web Applications” (page 55) for more web application tips. Figure 3-12 Web application page is too small for default settings Default width Width set to device-width 980 pixels 320 pixels Similarly you can set the viewport height to match your web content. How Safari Infers the Width, Height, and Initial Scale If you set only some of the properties, then Safari on iOS infers the values of the other properties with the goal of fitting the webpage in the visible area. For example, if just the initial scale is set, then the width and height are inferred. Similarly, if just the width is set, then the height and initial scale are inferred, and so on. If the inferred values do not work for your webpage, then set more viewport properties. Since any of the width, height, and initial scale may be inferred by Safari on iOS, the viewport may resize when the user changes orientation. For example, when the user changes from portrait to landscape orientation by rotating the device, the viewport width may expand. This is the only situation where a user action might resize the viewport, changing the layout on iOS. Configuring the Viewport How Safari Infers the Width, Height, and Initial Scale 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 50Specifically, the goal of Safari on iOS is to fit the webpage in the visible area when completely zoomed out by maintaining a ratio equivalent to the ratio of the visible area in either orientation. This is best illustrated by setting the viewport propertiesindependently, and observing the effect on the other viewport properties. The following series of examples shows the same web content with different viewport settings. Figure 3-13 shows a typical webpage displayed with the default settings where the viewport width is 980 and no initial scale is set. Figure 3-13 Default width and initial scale default = 980 pixels Configuring the Viewport How Safari Infers the Width, Height, and Initial Scale 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 51Figure 3-14 shows the same webpage when the initial scale is set to 1.0 on iPhone. Safari on iOS infers the width and height to fit the webpage in the visible area. The viewport width is set to device-width in portrait orientation and device-height in landscape orientation. Figure 3-14 Default width with initial scale set to 1.0 320 pixels 356 pixels 480 pixels 208 pixels Configuring the Viewport How Safari Infers the Width, Height, and Initial Scale 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 52Similarly, if you specify only the viewport width, the height and initial scale are inferred. Figure 3-15 shows the rendering of the same webpage when the viewport width is set to 320 on iPhone. Notice that the portrait orientation is rendered in the same way as in Figure 3-14 (page 52), but the landscape orientation maintains a width equal to device-width, which changes the initial scale and has the effect of zooming in when the user changes to landscape orientation. Figure 3-15 Width set to 320 with default initial scale 320 pixels 356 pixels 320 pixels 139 pixels Configuring the Viewport How Safari Infers the Width, Height, and Initial Scale 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 53You can also set the viewport width to be smaller than the visible area with a minimum value of 200 pixels. Figure 3-16 shows the same webpage when the viewport width is set to 200 pixels on iPhone. Safari on iOS infers the height and initial scale, which has the effect of zooming in when the webpage is first rendered. Figure 3-16 Width set to 200 with default initial scale 200 pixels 223 pixels Configuring the Viewport How Safari Infers the Width, Height, and Initial Scale 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 54Finally, Figure 3-17 shows the same webpage when both the width and initial scale are set on iPhone. Safari on iOS infers the height by maintaining a ratio equivalent to the ratio of the visible area in either orientation. Therefore, if the width is set to 980 and the initial scale is set to 1.0 on iPhone, the height is set to 1091 in portrait and 425 in landscape orientation. Figure 3-17 Width set to 980 and initial scale set to 1.0 Width = 980 pixels Height = 1091 pixels Initial scale = 1.0 Width = 980 pixels Height = 425 pixels Initial scale = 1.0 The minimum-scale and maximum-scale properties also affect the behavior when changing orientations. The range of these property values is from >0 to 10.0. The default value for minimum-scale is 0.25 and maximum-scale is 5.0. Viewport Settings for Web Applications If you are designing a web application specifically for iOS, then the recommended size for your webpages is the size of the visible area on iOS. Apple recommends that you set the width to device-width so that the scale is 1.0 in portrait orientation and the viewport is not resized when the user changesto landscape orientation. Configuring the Viewport Viewport Settings for Web Applications 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 55If you do not change the viewport properties, Safari on iOS displays your webpage in the upper-left corner as shown in Figure 3-18. Setting the viewport width should be the first task when designing web applications for iOS to avoid the user zooming in before using your application. Figure 3-18 Not specifying viewport properties Viewport width = 980 pixels By setting the width to device-width in portrait orientation, Safari on iOS displays your webpage as show in Figure 3-19. Users can pan down to view the rest of the webpage if it is taller than the visible area. Add this line to your HTML file to set the viewport width to device-width: Configuring the Viewport Viewport Settings for Web Applications 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 56 Figure 3-19 Width set to device-width pixels Viewport width = 320 pixels You may not want users to scale web applications designed specifically for iOS. In this case, set the width and turn off user scaling as follows: Configuring the Viewport Viewport Settings for Web Applications 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 57Although configuring the viewport is an important way to optimize your web content for iOS, style sheets provide further techniques for optimizing. For example, use iOS CSS extensions to control text resizing and element highlighting. If you use conditional CSS, then you can use these settings without affecting the way other browsers render your webpages. Read “Optimizing Web Content” (page 33) for how to use conditional CSS and “CSS Basics” (page 117) for how to add CSS to existing HTML. See Safari CSS Reference for a complete list of CSS properties supported by Safari. Leveraging CSS3 Properties There are many CSS3 properties available for you to use in Safari on the desktop and iOS. CSS properties that begin with -webkit- are usually proposed CSS3 properties or Apple extensions to CSS. For example, you can use the following CSS properties to emulate the iOS user interface: -webkit-border-image Allows you to use an image as the border for a box. See "-webkit-border-image" in Safari CSS Reference for details. -webkit-border-radius Creates elements with rounded corners. See “Customizing Form Controls” (page 64) for code samples. See "-webkit-border-radius" in Safari CSS Reference for details. Adjusting the Text Size In addition to controlling the viewport, you can control the text size that Safari on iOS uses when rendering a block of text. Adjusting the textsize isimportantso that the text islegible when the user double-taps. If the user double-taps an HTML block element—such as a
      element—then Safari on iOS scales the viewport to fit the block width in the visible area. The first time a webpage is rendered, Safari on iOS gets the width of the block and determines an appropriate text scale so that the text is legible. 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 58 Customizing Style SheetsIf the automatic text size-adjustment doesn’t work for your webpage, then you can either turn this feature off or specify your own scale as a percentage. For example, text in absolute-positioned elements might overflow the viewport after adjustment. Other pages might need a few minor adjustments to make them look better. In these cases, use the -webkit-text-size-adjust CSS property to change the default settings for any element that renders text. Figure 4-1 compares a webpage rendered by Safari on iOS with -webkit-text-size-adjust set to auto, none, and 200%. On iPad, the default value for -webkit-text-size-adjust is none. On all other devices, the default value is auto. Figure 4-1 Comparison of text adjustment settings Auto None 200% To turn automatic text adjustment off, set -webkit-text-size-adjust to none as follows: html {-webkit-text-size-adjust:none} To change the text adjustment,set -webkit-text-size-adjust to a percentage value asfollows, replacing 200% with your percentage: html {-webkit-text-size-adjust:200%} Listing 4-1 shows setting this property for different types of blocks using inline style in HTML. Customizing Style Sheets Adjusting the Text Size 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 59Listing 4-1 Setting the text size adjustment property
      Highlighting Elements By default, when the user taps a link or a JavaScript clickable element, Safari on iOS highlights the area in a transparent gray color. Using the -webkit-tap-highlight-color CSS property, you can either modify or disable this default behavior on your webpages. The syntax for setting this CSS property is: -webkit-tap-highlight-color: This is an inherited property that changes the tap highlight color, obeying the alpha value. If you don’t specify an alpha value, Safari on iOS applies a default alpha value to the color. To disable tap highlighting, set the alpha to 0 (invisible). If you set the alpha to 1.0 (opaque), then the element won’t be visible when tapped. Listing 4-2 uses an alpha value of 0.4 for the custom highlight color shown on the right in Figure 4-2. Listing 4-2 Changing the tap highlight color
      default highlight color

      custom highlight color Customizing Style Sheets Highlighting Elements 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 60 Figure 4-2 Differences between default and custom highlighting Default highlight Custom highlight Note that changing this behavior does not affect the color of the information bubble when the user touches and holds. You can also use the -webkit-tap-highlight-color CSS property in combination with setting a touch event to configure buttons to behave similar to the desktop. On iOS, mouse events are sent so quickly that the down or active state is never received. Therefore, the :active pseudo state is triggered only when there is a touch eventset on the HTML element—for example, when ontouchstart isset on the element asfollows: Now when the button is tapped and held on iOS, the button changes to the specified color without the surrounding transparent gray color appearing. Read “Handling Events” (page 68) for the definition of a clickable element. See "-webkit-tap-highlight-color" in Safari CSS Reference to learn more about this property. Read “Handling Multi-Touch Events” (page 74) for details on touch events. Customizing Style Sheets Highlighting Elements 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 61There are many adjustments you can make to your forms so that they work better on iOS. The forms should fit neatly on the iOS screen, especially if you are designing a web application specifically for iOS. Web applications can have a rich user interface and even look like native applications to the user. Consequently, the user may expect them to behave like native applications, too. This chapter explains what you can do to make your forms work well on iOS: ● Take into account the available screen space when the keyboard is and isn’t displayed. ● Use CSS extensions to create custom controls. ● Control where automatic correction and capitalization are used. See iOS Human Interface Guidelines for more tips on laying out forms and designing web applications for iOS. Read “Hiding Safari User Interface Components” (page 89) for how to use the full-screen like a native application. Laying Out Forms The available area for your forms changes depending on whether or not the keyboard is displayed on iOS. You should compute this area and design your forms accordingly. Figure 5-1 shows the layout of Safari controls when the keyboard is displayed on iPhone. The status bar that appears at the top of the screen contains the time and Wi-Fi indicator. The URL text field is displayed below the status bar. The keyboard is used to enter text in forms and is displayed at the bottom of the screen. The form assistant appears above the keyboard when editing forms. It contains the Previous, Next, and Done buttons. The user taps the Next and Previous buttons to move between form elements. The user taps Done 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 62 Designing Formsto dismissthe keyboard. The button bar containsthe back, forward, bookmarks, and page buttons and appears at the bottom of the screen. The tool bar is not visible when the keyboard is visible. Your webpage is displayed in the area below the URL text field and above the tool bar or keyboard. Figure 5-1 Form metrics when the keyboard is displayed Status bar: 20 pixels URL text field: 60 pixels Form assistant: 44 pixels Keyboard: 216 pixels 480 pixels Table 5-1 contains the metrics for the objects that you need to be aware of, in both portrait and landscape orientation, when laying out forms to fit on iPhone and iPod touch. Table 5-1 Form metrics Object Metrics in pixels Status bar Height = 20 URL text field Height = 60 Form assistant Height = 44 Portrait height = 216 Landscape height = 162 Keyboard Portrait height = 44 Landscape height = 32 Button bar Designing Forms Laying Out Forms 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 63Use this information to compute the available area for your web content when the keyboard is and isn't displayed. For example, when the keyboard is not displayed, the height available for your web content on iPhone is 480 - 20 - 60 - 44 = 356. Therefore, you should design your content to fit within 320 x 356 pixels in portrait orientation. If the keyboard is displayed, the available area is 320 x 140 pixels on iPhone. iOS Note: In iOS 1.1.4 and earlier, the keyboard height in landscape orientation on iPhone and iPod touch was 180 pixels. Customizing Form Controls Form controls in Safari on iOS are resolution independent and can be styled with CSS specifically for iOS. You can create custom checkboxes, text fields, and select elements. For example, you can create a custom checkbox designed for iOS as shown in Figure 5-2 with the CSS code fragment in Listing 5-1. This example uses the -webkit-border-radius property—an Apple extension to WebKit. See Safari CSS Reference for details on more WebKit properties. Figure 5-2 A custom checkbox Listing 5-1 Creating a custom checkbox with CSS { Designing Forms Customizing Form Controls 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 64width: 100px; height: 100px; -webkit-border-radius:50px; background-color:purple; } Figure 5-3 shows a custom text field with rounded corners corresponding to the CSS code in Listing 5-2 (page 65). Figure 5-3 A custom text field Listing 5-2 Creating a custom text field with CSS { -webkit-border-radius:10px; } Designing Forms Customizing Form Controls 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 65Figure 5-4 shows a custom select control corresponding to the CSS code in Listing 5-3 (page 66). Figure 5-4 A custom select element Listing 5-3 Creating a custom select control with CSS { background:red; border: 1px dashed purple; -webkit-border-radius:10px; } Configuring Automatic Correction and Capitalization You can also control whether or not automatic correction or capitalization are used in your forms on iOS. Set the autocorrect attribute to on if you want automatic correction and the autocapitalize attribute to a value if you want automatic capitalization. If you do notset these attributes, then the browser chooses whether or not to use automatic correction or capitalization. For example, Safari on iOS turns the autocorrect and autocapitalize attributes off in login fields and on in normal text fields. For example, the following line turns the autocorrect attribute on: Designing Forms Configuring Automatic Correction and Capitalization 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 66 The following line turns the autocorrect attribute off: In iOS 5.0, the autocapitalize attribute allows finer control on how automatic capitalization behaves than just specifying on and off values. For example, if autocapitalize is words, each word is capitalized, as in “Jane Doe,” appropriate for a first and last name input field. If autocapitalize is characters, each letter is capitalized, as in “NY” and “CA,” appropriate for a state input field. You can also use the autocorrect and autocapitalize attributes on
      elements to give inner form controls (like and Refer to autocorrect and autocapitalize in Safari HTML Reference for all possible values and defaults. Designing Forms Configuring Automatic Correction and Capitalization 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 67This chapter describes the events that occur when the user interacts with a webpage on iOS. Forms and documents generate the typical events in iOS that you might expect on the desktop. Gestures handled by Safari on iOS emulate mouse events. In addition, you can register for iOS-specific multi-touch and gesture events directly. Orientation events are another example of an iOS-specific event. Also, be aware that there are some unsupported events such as cut, copy, and paste. Gestures that the user makes—for example, a double tap to zoom and a flick to pan—emulate mouse events. However, the flow of events generated by one-finger and two-finger gestures are conditional depending on whether or not the selected element is clickable or scrollable as described in “One-Finger Events” (page 69) and “Two-Finger Events” (page 72). A clickable element is a link, form element, image map area, or any other element with mousemove, mousedown, mouseup, or onclick handlers. A scrollable element is any element with appropriate overflow style, text areas, and scrollable iframe elements. Because of these differences, you might need to change some of your elements to clickable elements, as described in “Making Elements Clickable” (page 73), to get the desired behavior in iOS. In addition, you can turn off the default Safari on iOS behavior as described in “Preventing Default Behavior” (page 79) and handle your own multi-touch and gesture events directly. Handling multi-touch and gesture events directly gives developers the ability to implement unique touch-screen interfaces similar to native applications. Read “Handling Multi-Touch Events” (page 74) and “Handling Gesture Events” (page 77) to learn more about DOM touch events. If you want to change the layout of your webpage depending on the orientation of iOS, read “Handling Orientation Events” (page 79). See “Supported Events” (page 81) for a complete list of events supported in iOS. On iOS, emulated mouse events are sent so quickly that the down or active pseudo state of buttons may never occur. Read “Highlighting Elements” (page 60) for how to customize a button to behave similar to the desktop. It’s very common to combine DOM touch events with CSS visual effects. Read Safari CSS Visual Effects Guide to learn more about CSS visual effects. 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 68 Handling EventsOne-Finger Events This section uses flow charts to break down gestures into the individual actions that might generate events. Some of the events generated on iOS are conditional—the events generated depend on what the user is tapping or touching and whether they are using one or two fingers. Some gestures don’t generate any events on iOS. One-finger panning doesn’t generate any events until the userstops panning—an onscroll event is generated when the page stops moving and redraws—as shown in Figure 6-1. Figure 6-1 The panning gesture Pan (no events) Finger down Finger stop onscroll Finger move Displaying the information bubble doesn’t generate any events as shown in Figure 6-2. However, if the user touches and holds an image, the image save sheet appears instead of an information bubble. Handling Events One-Finger Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 69iOS Note: The image save sheet appears on iOS 2.0 and later. Figure 6-2 The touch and hold gesture Information bubble (no events) Finger down Finger held down Clickable element Handling Events One-Finger Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 70Finally, a double tap doesn’t generate any events either as shown in Figure 6-3. Figure 6-3 The double-tap gesture Finger down Quick finger up Double-tap zoom (no events) Quick finger down Quick finger up Handling Events One-Finger Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 71Mouse events are delivered in the same order you'd expect in other web browsers illustrated in Figure 6-4. If the user taps a nonclickable element, no events are generated. If the user taps a clickable element, events arrive in this order: mouseover, mousemove, mousedown, mouseup, and click. The mouseout event occurs only if the user taps on another clickable item. Also, if the contents of the page changes on the mousemove event, no subsequent events in the sequence are sent. This behavior allows the user to tap in the new content. Figure 6-4 One-finger gesture emulating a mouse Content change Finger down Not a clickable element No events Finger up Clickable element mouseover, mousemove No events No content change mousedown, mouseup, click Two-Finger Events The pinch open gesture does not generate any mouse events as shown in Figure 6-5. Figure 6-5 The pinch open gesture Fingers separate Pinch zoom (no events) Two fingers down Figure 6-6 illustrates the mouse events generated by using two fingers to pan a scrollable element. The flow of events is as follows: Handling Events Two-Finger Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 72● If the user holds two fingers down on a scrollable element and moves the fingers, mousewheel events are generated. ● If the element is not scrollable, Safari on iOS pans the webpage. No events are generated while panning. ● An onscroll event is generated when the user stops panning. Figure 6-6 Two-finger panning gesture Two fingers down Scrollable element Two fingers move Not a scrollable element mousewheel Pan (no events) Finger stop onscroll Form and Document Events Typical events generated by forms and documents include blur, focus, load, unload, reset, submit, change and abort. See “Supported Events” (page 81) for a complete list of supported events on iOS. Making Elements Clickable Because of the way Safari on iOS creates events to emulate a mouse, some of your elements may not behave as expected on iOS. In particular, some menus that only use mousemove handlers, as in Listing 6-1, need to be changed because iOS doesn’t recognize them as clickable elements. Listing 6-1 A menu using a mouseover handler To fix this, add a dummy onclick handler, onclick = "void(0)", so that Safari on iOS recognizes the span element as a clickable element, as shown in Listing 6-2. Listing 6-2 Adding an onclick handler WHERE TO BUY Handling Multi-Touch Events You can use JavaScript DOM touch event classes available on iOS to handle multi-touch and gesture events in a way similar to the way they are handled in native iOS applications. If you register for multi-touch events, the system continually sends TouchEvent objectsto those DOM elements as fingers touch and move across a surface. These are sent in addition to the emulated mouse events unless you prevent this default behavior as described in “Preventing Default Behavior” (page 79). A touch event provides a snapshot of all touches during a multi-touch sequence, most importantly the touches that are new or have changed for a particular target. The different types of multi-touch events are described in TouchEvent Class Reference in Safari DOM Additions Reference . A multi-touch sequence begins when a finger first touches the surface. Other fingers may subsequently touch the surface, and all fingers may move across the surface. The sequence ends when the last of these fingers is lifted from the surface. An application receives touch event objects during each phase of any touch. Handling Events Handling Multi-Touch Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 74Touch events are similar to mouse events except that you can have simultaneous touches on the screen at different locations. A touch event object is used to encapsulate all the touches that are currently on the screen. Each finger is represented by a touch object. The typical properties that you find in a mouse event are in the touch object, not the touch event object. Note that a sequence of touch eventsis delivered to the element that received the original touchstart event regardless of the current location of the touches. Follow these steps to use multi-touch events in your web application. 1. Register handlers for multi-touch events in HTML as follows:
      2. Alternatively, register handlers in JavaScript as follows: element.addEventListener("touchstart", touchStart, false); element.addEventListener("touchmove", touchMove, false); element.addEventListener("touchend", touchEnd, false); element.addEventListener("touchcancel", touchCancel, false); 3. Respond to multi-touch events by implementing handlers in JavaScript. For example, implement the touchStart method as follows: function touchStart(event) { // Insert your code here } 4. Optionally, get all touches on a page using the touches property as follows: var allTouches = event.touches; Note that you can get all other touches for an event even when the event is triggered by a single touch. Handling Events Handling Multi-Touch Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 755. Optionally, get all touches for the target element using the targetTouches property: var targetTouches = event.targetTouches; 6. Optionally, get all changed touches for this event using the changedTouches property: var changedTouches = event.changedTouches; 7. Access the Touch object properties—such as the target, identifier, and location in page, client, or screen coordinates—similar to mouse event properties. For example, get the number of touches: event.touches.length Get a specific touch object at index i: var touch = event.touches[i]; Finally, get the location in page coordinates for a single-finger event: var x = event.touches[0].pageX; var y = event.touches[0].pageY; You can also combine multi-touch events with CSS visual effectsto enable dragging orsome other user action. To enable dragging, implement the touchmove event handler to translate the target: function touchMove(event) { event.preventDefault(); curX = event.targetTouches[0].pageX - startX; curY = event.targetTouches[0].pageY - startY; event.targetTouches[0].target.style.webkitTransform = 'translate(' + curX + 'px, ' + curY + 'px)'; } Handling Events Handling Multi-Touch Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 76Typically, you implement multi-touch event handlers to track one or two touches. But you can also use multi-touch event handlersto identify custom gestures. That is, custom gesturesthat are not already identified for you by gesture events described in “Handling Gesture Events” (page 77). For example, you can identify a two-finger tap gesture as follows: 1. Begin gesture if you receive a touchstart event containing two target touches. 2. End gesture if you receive a touchend event with no preceding touchmove events. Similarly, you can identify a swipe gesture as follows: 1. Begin gesture if you receive a touchstart event containing one target touch. 2. Abort gesture if, at any time, you receive an event with >1 touches. 3. Continue gesture if you receive a touchmove event mostly in the x-direction. 4. Abort gesture if you receive a touchmove event mostly the y-direction. 5. End gesture if you receive a touchend event. Handling Gesture Events Multi-touch events can be combined together to form high-level gesture events. GestureEvent objects are also sent during a multi-touch sequence. Gesture events contain scaling and rotation information allowing gestures to be combined, if supported by the platform. If not supported, one gesture ends before another starts. Listen for GestureEvent objects if you want to respond to gestures only, not processthe low-level TouchEvent objects. The different types of gesture events are described in GestureEvent Class Reference in Safari DOM Additions Reference . Follow these steps to use gesture events in your web application. 1. Register handlers for gesture events in HTML:
      2. Alternatively, register handlers in JavaScript: Handling Events Handling Gesture Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 77element.addEventListener("gesturestart", gestureStart, false); element.addEventListener("gesturechange", gestureChange, false); element.addEventListener("gestureend", gestureEnd, false); 3. Respond to gesture events by implementing handlers in JavaScript. For example, implement the gestureChange method as follows: function gestureChange(event) { // Insert your code here } 4. Get the amount of rotation since the gesture started: var angle = event.rotation; The angle is in degrees, where clockwise is positive and counterclockwise is negative. 5. Get the amount scaled since the gesture started: var scale = event.scale; The scale is smaller if less than 1.0 and larger if greater than 1.0. You can combine gesture events with CSS visual effects to enable scaling, rotating, or some other custom user action. For example, implement the gesturechange event handler to scale and rotate the target as follows: onGestureChange: function(e) { e.preventDefault(); e.target.style.webkitTransform = 'scale(' + e.scale + startScale + ') rotate(' + e.rotation + startRotation + 'deg)'; } Handling Events Handling Gesture Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 78Preventing Default Behavior iOS Note: The preventDefault method applies to multi-touch and gesture input in iOS 2.0 and later. The default behavior of Safari on iOS can interfere with your application’s custom multi-touch and gesture input. You can disable the default browser behavior by sending the preventDefault message to the event object. For example, to preventscrolling on an element in iOS 2.0, implement the touchmove and touchstart event handlers as follows : function touchMove(event) { // Prevent scrolling on this element event.preventDefault(); ... } To disable pinch open and pinch close gesturesin iOS 2.0, implement the gesturestart and gesturechange event handlers as follows: function gestureChange(event) { // Disable browser zoom event.preventDefault(); ... } Important: The default browser behavior may change in future releases. Handling Orientation Events An event is sent when the user changes the orientation of iOS. By handling this event in your web content, you can determine the current orientation of the device and make layout changes accordingly. For example, display a simple textual list in portrait orientation and add a column of icons in landscape orientation. Similar to a resize event, a handler can be added to the element in HTML as follows: Handling Events Preventing Default Behavior 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 79 where updateOrientation is a handler that you implement in JavaScript. In addition, the window object has an orientation property set to either 0, -90, 90, or 180. For example, if the user starts with the iPhone in portrait orientation and then changes to landscape orientation by turning the iPhone to the right, the window’s orientation property is set to -90. If the user instead changes to landscape by turning the iPhone to the left, the window’s orientation property is set to 90. Listing 6-3 adds an orientation handler to the body element and implements the updateOrientation JavaScript method to display the current orientation on the screen. Specifically, when an orientationchange event occurs, the updateOrientation method isinvoked, which changesthe string displayed by the division element in the body. Listing 6-3 Displaying the orientation
      Orientation
      Supported Events Be aware of all the events that iOS supports and under what conditions they are generated. Table 6-1 specifies which events are generated by Safari on iOS and which are generated conditionally depending on the type of element selected. This table also lists unsupported events. Handling Events Supported Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 81iOS Note: Although drag and drop are notsupported, you can produce the same effect using touch events as described in “Using Touch to Drag Elements” in Safari CSS Visual Effects Guide . The unload event may not work as expected for back and forward optimization. Use the pageshow and pagehide events instead. Table 6-1 Types of events Event Generated Conditional Available abort Yes No iOS 1.0 and later. blur Yes No iOS 1.0 and later. change Yes No iOS 1.0 and later. click Yes Yes iOS 1.0 and later. copy No N/A cut No N/A drag No N/A drop No N/A focus Yes No iOS 1.0 and later. gesturestart Yes N/A iOS 2.0 and later. gesturechange Yes N/A iOS 2.0 and later. gestureend Yes N/A iOS 2.0 and later. load Yes No iOS 1.0 and later. mousemove Yes Yes iOS 1.0 and later. mousedown Yes Yes iOS 1.0 and later. mouseup Yes Yes iOS 1.0 and later. mouseover Yes Yes iOS 1.0 and later. mouseout Yes Yes iOS 1.0 and later. orientationchange Yes N/A iOS 1.1.1 and later. Handling Events Supported Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 82Event Generated Conditional Available pagehide Yes No iOS 4.0 and later. pageshow Yes No iOS 4.0 and later. paste No N/A reset Yes No iOS 1.0 and later. selection No N/A submit Yes No iOS 1.0 and later. touchcancel Yes N/A iOS 2.0 and later. touchend Yes N/A iOS 2.0 and later. touchmove Yes N/A iOS 2.0 and later. touchstart Yes N/A iOS 2.0 and later. unload Yes No iOS 1.0 and later. Handling Events Supported Events 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 83Safari has a new Smart App Banner feature in iOS 6 and later that provides a standardized method of promoting apps on the App Store from a website, as shown in Figure 7-1 (page 84). Figure 7-1 A Smart App Banner of the Apple Store app Note: Smart App Banners only show on iOS, not OS X. Smart App Banners vastly improve users’ browsing experience compared to other promotional methods. As banners are implemented in iOS 6, they will provide a consistent look and feel across the web that users will come to recognize. Users will trust that tapping the banner will take them to the App Store and not a third-party advertisement. They will appreciate that banners are presented unobtrusively at the top of a webpage, instead of as a full-screen ad interrupting the web content. And with a large and prominent close button, a banner is easy for users to dismiss. If the app is already installed on a user's device, the banner intelligently changes its action, and tapping the banner will simply open the app. If the user doesn’t have your app on his device, tapping on the banner will take him to the app’s entry in the App Store. When he returns to your website, a progress bar appears in the banner, indicating how much longer the download will take to complete. When the app finishes downloading, the View button changes to an Open button, and tapping the banner will open the app while preserving the user’s context from your website. Smart App Banners automatically determine whether the app is supported on the user’s device. If the device loading the banner does not support your app, or if your app is not available in the user's location, the banner will not display. 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 84 Promoting Apps with Smart App BannersImplementing a Smart App Banner on Your Website To add a Smart App Banner to your website, include the following meta tag in the head of each page where you’d like the banner to appear: You can include three comma-separated parameters in the content attribute: ● app-id: (Required.) Your app's unique identifier. To find your app ID from the iTunes Link Maker, type the name of your app in the Search field, and select the appropriate country and media type. In the results, find your app and select iPhone App Link in the column on the right. Your app ID is the nine-digit number in between id and ?mt. ● affiliate-data: (Optional.) Your iTunes affiliate string, if you are an iTunes affiliate. If you are not, find out more about becoming an iTunes affiliate at http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/. ● app-argument: (Optional.) A URL that provides context to your native app. If you include this, and the user has your app installed, she can jump from your website to the corresponding position in your iOS app. Typically, it is beneficial to retain navigational context because: ● If the user is deep within the navigational hierarchy of your website, you can pass the document’s entire URL, and then parse it in your app to reroute her to the correct location in your app. ● If the user performs a search on your website, you can passthe query string so thatshe can seamlessly continue the search in your app without having to retype her query. ● If the user isin the midst of creating content, you can passthe session ID to download the web session state in your app so she can nondestructively resume her work. You can generate the app-argument of each page dynamically with a server-side script. You can format it however you'd like, as long as it is a valid URL. Note: You cannot display Smart App Banners inside of a frame. Providing Navigational Context to Your App In your app, implement the application:openURL:sourceApplication:annotation: method in your app delegate, which fires when your app is launched from a URL. Then provide logic that can interpret the URL that you pass. The value you set to the app-argument parameter is available as the NSURL url object. Promoting Apps with Smart App Banners Implementing a Smart App Banner on Your Website 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 85The example in Listing 7-1 (page 86) illustrates a website that passes data to a native iOS app. To accomplish this, detect if the URL contains the string /profile. If it does, then open the profile view controller and pass the profile ID number that is in the query string. Listing 7-1 Routing the user to the correct view controller - (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application openURL:(NSURL *)url sourceApplication:(NSString *)sourceApplication annotation:(id)annotation { // in this example, the URL from which the user came is http://example.com/profile/?12345 // determine if the user was viewing a profile if ([[url path] isEqualToString:@"/profile"]) { // switch to profile view controller [self.tabBarController setSelectedViewController:profileViewController]; // pull the profile id number found in the query string NSString *profileID = [url query]; // pass profileID to profile view controller [profileViewController loadProfile:profileID]; } return YES; } Promoting Apps with Smart App Banners Providing Navigational Context to Your App 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 86A web application is designed to look and behave in a way similar to a native application—for example, it is scaled to fit the entire screen on iOS. You can tailor your web application for Safari on iOS even further, by making it appear like a native application when the user adds it to the Home screen. You do this by using settings for iOS that are ignored by other platforms. For example, you can specify an icon for your web application used to represent it when added to the Home screen on iOS, as described in “Specifying a Webpage Icon for Web Clip” (page 87). You can also minimize the Safari on iOS user interface, as described in “Changing the Status Bar Appearance” (page 89) and “Hiding Safari User Interface Components” (page 89), when your web application is launched from the Home screen. These are all optional settings that when added to your web content are ignored by other platforms. Read “Viewport Settings for Web Applications” (page 55) for how to set the viewport for web applications on iOS. Specifying a Webpage Icon for Web Clip iOS Note: The Web Clip feature is available in iOS 1.1.3 and later. The apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png filename is available in iOS 2.0 and later. Support for multiple icons for different device resolutions is available in iOS 4.2 and later. You may want users to be able to add your web application or webpage link to the Home screen. These links, represented by an icon, are called Web Clips. Follow these simple steps to specify an icon to represent your web application or webpage on iOS. ● To specify an icon for the entire website (every page on the website), place an icon file in PNG format in the root document folder called apple-touch-icon.png or apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png. If you use apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png as the filename, Safari on iOS won’t add any effects to the icon. ● To specify an icon for a single webpage or replace the website icon with a webpage-specific icon, add a link element to the webpage, as in: 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 87 Configuring Web Applications In the above example, replace custom_icon.png with your icon filename. If you don’t want Safari on iOS to add any effectsto the icon, replace apple-touch-icon with apple-touch-icon-precomposed. ● To specify multiple icons for different device resolutions—for example, support both iPhone and iPad devices—add a sizes attribute to each link element as follows: The icon that is the most appropriate size for the device is used. If no sizes attribute is set, the element’s size defaults to 57 x 57. If there is no icon that matches the recommended size for the device, the smallest icon larger than the recommended size is used. If there are no icons larger than the recommended size, the largest icon is used. If multiple icons are suitable, the icon that has the precomposed keyword is used. If no icons are specified using a link element, the website root directory is searched for icons with the apple-touch-icon... or apple-touch-icon-precomposed... prefix. For example, if the appropriate icon size for the device is 57 x 57, the system searches for filenames in the following order: 1. apple-touch-icon-57x57-precomposed.png 2. apple-touch-icon-57x57.png 3. apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png 4. apple-touch-icon.png See “Custom Icon and Image Creation Guidelines” for webpage icon metrics. Configuring Web Applications Specifying a Webpage Icon for Web Clip 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 88Specifying a Startup Image iOS Note: Specifying a startup image is available in iOS 3.0 and later. On iOS,similar to native applications, you can specify a startup image that is displayed while your web application launches. This is especially useful when your web application is offline. By default, a screenshot of the web application the last time it was launched is used. To set another startup image, add a link element to the webpage, as in: In the above example, replace startup.png with your startup screen filename. On iPhone and iPod touch, the image must be 320 x 460 pixels and in portrait orientation. Hiding Safari User Interface Components On iOS, as part of optimizing your web application, have it use the standalone mode to look more like a native application. When you use this standalone mode, Safari is not used to display the web content—specifically, there is no browser URL text field at the top of the screen or button bar at the bottom of the screen. Only a status bar appears at the top of the screen. Read “Changing the Status Bar Appearance” (page 89) for how to minimize the status bar. Set the apple-mobile-web-app-capable meta tag to yes to turn on standalone mode. For example, the following HTML displays web content using standalone mode. You can determine whether a webpage is displaying in standalone mode using the window.navigator.standalone read-only Boolean JavaScript property. Changing the Status Bar Appearance If your web application displays in standalone mode like that of a native application, you can minimize the status bar that is displayed at the top of the screen on iOS. Do so using the status-bar-style meta tag. Configuring Web Applications Specifying a Startup Image 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 89This meta tag has no effect unless you firstspecify standalone mode as described in “Hiding Safari User Interface Components” (page 89). Then use the status bar style meta tag, apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style, to change the appearance of the status bar depending on your application needs. For example, if you want to use the entire screen, set the status bar style to translucent black. For example, the following HTML sets the background color of the status bar to black: Configuring Web Applications Changing the Status Bar Appearance 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 90Safari supports audio and video viewing in a webpage on the desktop and iOS. You can use audio and video HTML elements or use the embed element to use the native application for video playback. In either case, you need to ensure that the video you create is optimized for the platform and different bandwidths. iOS streams movies and audio using HTTP over EDGE, 3G, and Wi-Fi networks. iOS uses a native application to play back video even when video is embedded in your webpages. Video automatically expands to the size of the screen and rotates when the user changes orientation. The controls automatically hide when they are not in use and appear when the user taps the screen. This is the experience the user expects when viewing all video on iOS. Safari on iOS supports a variety of rich media, including QuickTime movies, as described in “Use Supported iOS Rich Media MIME Types” (page 29). Safari on iOS does not support Flash so don’t bring up JavaScript alerts that ask usersto download Flash. Also, don’t use JavaScript movie controlsto play back video since iOS supplies its own controls. Safari on the desktop supports the same audio and video formats as Safari on iOS. However, if you use the audio and video HTML elements on the desktop, you can customize the play back controls. See Safari DOM Additions Reference for more details on the HTMLMediaElement class. Follow these guidelines to deliver the best web audio and video experience in Safari on any platform: ● Follow current best practices for embedding movies in webpages as described in “Sizing Movies Appropriately” (page 92), “Don’t Let the Bit Rate Stall Your Movie” (page 92), and “Using Supported Movie Standards” (page 92). ● Use QuickTime Pro to encode H.264/AAC at appropriate sizes and bit ratesfor EDGE, 3G, and Wi-Fi networks, as described in “Encoding Video for Wi-Fi, 3G, and EDGE” (page 93). ● Use reference movies so that iOS automatically streams the best version of your content for the current network connection, as described in “Creating a Reference Movie” (page 94). ● Use posterJPEGs(not poster framesin a movie) to display a preview of your embedded movie in webpages, as described in “Creating a Poster Image for Movies” (page 94). ● Make sure the HTTP servers hosting your media files support byte-range requests, as described in “Configuring Your Server” (page 95). ● If your site has a custom media player, also provide direct links to the media files. iOS users can follow these links to play those files directly. 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 91 Creating VideoSizing Movies Appropriately In landscape orientation on iOS, the screen is 480 x 320 pixels. Users can easily switch the view mode between scaled-to-fit (letterboxed) and full-screen (centered and cropped). You should use a size that preserves the aspect ratio of your content and fits within a 480 x 360 rectangle. 480 x 360 is a good choice for 4:3 aspect ratio content and 480 x 270 is a good choice for widescreen content as it keeps the video sharp in full-screen view mode. You can also use 640 x 360 or anamorphic 640 x 480 with pixel aspect ratio tagging for widescreen content. Don’t Let the Bit Rate Stall Your Movie When viewing media over the network, the bit rate makes a crucial difference to the playback experience. If the network cannot keep up with the media bit rate, playback stalls. Encode your media for iOS as described in “Encoding Video for Wi-Fi, 3G, and EDGE” (page 93) and use a reference movie as described in “Creating a Reference Movie” (page 94). Using Supported Movie Standards The following compression standards are supported: ● H.264 Baseline Profile Level 3.0 video, up to 640 x 480 at 30 fps. Note that B frames are not supported in the Baseline profile. ● MPEG-4 Part 2 video (Simple Profile) ● AAC-LC audio, up to 48 kHz Movie files with the extensions .mov, .mp4, .m4v, and .3gp are supported. Any movies or audio files that can play on iPod play correctly on iPhone. If you export your movies using QuickTime Pro 7.2, as described in “Encoding Video for Wi-Fi, 3G, and EDGE” (page 93), then you can be sure that they are optimized to play on iOS. Creating Video Sizing Movies Appropriately 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 92Encoding Video for Wi-Fi, 3G, and EDGE Because users may be connected to the Internet via wired or wireless technology, using either Wi-Fi, 3G, or EDGE on iOS, you need to provide alternate media for these different connection speeds. You can use QuickTime Pro, the QuickTime API, or any Apple applications that provide iOS exporters to encode your video for Wi-Fi, 3G, and EDGE. This section contains specific instructions for exporting video using QuickTime Pro. Follow these steps to export video using QuickTime Pro 7.2.1 and later: 1. Open your movie using QuickTime Player Pro. 2. Choose File > Export for Web. A dialog appears. 3. Enter the file name prefix, location of your export, and set of versions to export as shown in Figure 9-1. Figure 9-1 Export movie panel 4. Click Export. QuickTime Player Pro saves these versions of your QuickTime movie, along with a reference movie, poster image, and ReadMe.html file to the specified location. See the ReadMe.html file for instructions on embedding the generated movie in your webpage, including sample HTML. Creating Video Encoding Video for Wi-Fi, 3G, and EDGE 2012-09-19 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. 93Creating a Reference Movie A reference movie contains a list of movie URLs, each of which has a list of tests, as show in Figure 9-2. When opening the reference movie, a playback device or computer chooses one of the movie URLs by finding the last one that passes all its tests. Tests can check the capabilities of the device or computer and the speed of the network connection. Figure 9-2 Reference movie components iPhone over EDGE iPhone over WiFi Computer desktop 80 kbit foo-iPhone-cell.3gp 1 Mbit foo-iPhone.m4v Main Profile foo-desktop.m4v foo-ref.mov If you use QuickTime Pro 7.2.1 or later to export your movies for iOS, as described in “Encoding Video for Wi-Fi, 3G, and EDGE” (page 93), then you already have a reference movie. Otherwise, you can use the MakeRefMovie tool to create reference movies. For more information on creating reference movies see Creating Reference Movies - MakeRefMovie . Also, refer to the MakeiPhoneRefMovie sample for a command-line tool that creates reference movies. For more details on reference movies and instructions on how to set them up see “Applications and Examples” in HTML Scripting Guide for QuickTime . Creating a Poster Image for Movies The video is not decoded until the user enters movie playback mode. Consequently, when displaying a webpage with video, users may see a gray rectangle with a QuickTime logo until they tap the Play button. Therefore, use a poster JPEG as a preview of your movie. If you use QuickTime Pro 7.2.1 or later to export your movies, as described in “Encoding Video for Wi-Fi, 3G, and EDGE” (page 93), then a poster image is already created for you. Otherwise, follow these instructions to set a poster image. If you are using the