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Guide-de-l-utilisateur-iMac-21-5-pouces-et-27-pouces-mi-2011-APPLE
Guide-de-l-utilisateur-Apple-Qadministrator-4
Guide-d-installation-Apple-TV-3-eme-generation
User-Guide-iPad-For-ios-5-1-Software
iPod nano
Features Guide2
2 Contents
Chapter 1 4 iPod nano Basics
5 iPod nano at a Glance
5 Using iPod nano Controls
8 Disabling iPod nano Controls
9 Using iPod nano Menus
10 Connecting and Disconnecting iPod nano
14 About the iPod nano Battery
Chapter 2 17 Music Features
17 About iTunes
18 Importing Music into Your iTunes Library
22 Organizing Your Music
22 Adding Music and Podcasts to iPod nano
26 Playing Music
31 Watching and Listening to Podcasts
32 Listening to Audiobooks
32 Listening to FM Radio
Chapter 3 33 Video Features
33 Purchasing or Renting Videos and Downloading
Video Podcasts
34 Converting Your Own Videos to Work with iPod nano
35 Adding Videos to iPod nano
37 Viewing and Listening to Videos
Chapter 4 40 Photo Features
40 Importing Photos
43 Viewing Photos
Chapter 5 46 Extra Features and Accessories
46 Using iPod nano as an External Disk
47 Using Extra Settings
51 Syncing Contacts, Calendars, and To-Do Lists
53 Storing and Reading NotesContents 3
54 Recording Voice Memos
54 Learning About iPod nano Accessories
Chapter 6 56 Tips and Troubleshooting
56 General Suggestions
61 Updating and Restoring iPod Software
Chapter 7 62 Safety and Cleaning
62 Important Safety Information
64 Important Handling Information
Chapter 8 65 Learning More, Service, and Support
Index 681
4
1 iPod nano Basics
Congratulations on purchasing iPod nano. Read this chapter
to learn about the features of iPod nano, how to use its
controls, and more.
To use iPod nano, you put music, videos, photos, and other files on your computer and
then add them to iPod nano.
iPod nano is a music player and much more. Use iPod nano to:
 Sync songs, videos, and digital photos for listening and viewing on the go
 Listen to podcasts, downloadable audio and video shows delivered over the Internet
 View video on iPod nano, or on a TV using an optional cable
 View photos as a slideshow with music on iPod nano, or on a TV using an optional
cable
 Listen to audiobooks purchased from the iTunes Store or audible.com
 Store or back up files and other data, using iPod nano as an external disk
 Sync contact, calendar, and to-do list information from your computer
 Play games, store text notes, set an alarm, and moreChapter 1 iPod nano Basics 5
iPod nano at a Glance
Get to know the controls on iPod nano:
Using iPod nano Controls
The controls on iPod nano are easy to find and use. Press any button to turn on
iPod nano. The main menu appears.
Use the Click Wheel and Center button to navigate through onscreen menus,
play songs, change settings, and view information. Move your thumb lightly around
the Click Wheel to select a menu item. To choose the item, press the Center button.
To go back to the previous menu, press Menu on the Click Wheel.
Dock connector
Menu
Previous/Rewind
Play/Pause
Hold switch Headphones port
Click Wheel
Next/Fast-forward
Center button6 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics
Here’s what else you can do with iPod nano controls.
To Do this
Turn on iPod nano Press any button.
Turn off iPod nano Press and hold Play/Pause (’).
Turn on the backlight Press any button or use the Click Wheel.
Disable the iPod nano controls
(so nothing happens if you press
them accidentally)
Slide the Hold switch to HOLD (an orange bar appears).
Reset iPod nano
(if it isn’t responding)
Slide the Hold switch to HOLD and back again. Press the Menu and
Center buttons at the same time for about 6 seconds, until the
Apple logo appears.
Choose a menu item Scroll to the item and press the Center button.
Go back to the previous menu Press Menu.
Go directly to the main menu Press and hold Menu.
Browse for a song From the main menu, choose Music.
Browse for a video From the main menu, choose Videos.
Play a song or video Select the song or video and press the Center or Play/Pause (’)
button. iPod nano has to be ejected from your computer to play
songs and videos.
Pause a song or video Press Play/Pause (’) or unplug your headphones.
Change the volume From the Now Playing screen, use the Click Wheel.
Play all the songs in a playlist
or album
Select the playlist or album and press Play/Pause (’).
Play all songs in random order From the main menu, choose Shuffle Songs. You can also shuffle
songs from the Now Playing screen.
Skip to any point in a song or
video
From the Now Playing screen, press the Center button to show the
scrubber bar (a diamond icon on the bar shows the current
location), and then scroll to any point in the song or video.
Skip to the next song or
chapter in an audiobook or
podcast
Press Next/Fast-forward (‘).
Start a song or video over Press Previous/Rewind (]).
Play the previous song or
chapter in an audiobook or
podcast
Press Previous/Rewind (]) twice.
Fast-forward or rewind a song Press and hold Next/Fast-forward (‘) or Previous/Rewind (]).
Add a song to the On-The-Go
playlist
Select a song in a playlist, and then press and hold the Center
button until the song title flashes.
Find the iPod nano serial
number
From the main menu, choose Settings > About and press the
Center button until you get to the serial number, or look on the
back of iPod nano.Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics 7
Browsing Music Using Cover Flow
You can browse your music collection using Cover Flow, a visual way to flip through
your library.
To use Cover Flow:
1 From the Music menu, choose Cover Flow.
2 Use the Click Wheel to move through your album art or press the Next/Fast-forward
and Previous/Rewind buttons.
3 Select an album and press the Center button.
4 Use the Click Wheel to select a song and press the Center button to play it.
Scrolling Quickly Through Long Lists
If you have more than 100 songs, videos, or other items, you can scroll quickly through
a long list by moving your thumb quickly on the Click Wheel.
Note: Not all languages are supported.
To scroll quickly:
1 Move your thumb quickly on the Click Wheel, to display a letter of the alphabet on the
screen.
2 Use the Click Wheel to navigate the alphabet until you find the first letter of the item
you’re looking for. This takes you to the first item in the list beginning with that letter.
Items beginning with a symbol or number appear before the letter “A.”
3 Lift your thumb momentarily to return to normal scrolling.
4 Use the Click Wheel to finish navigating to the item you want.
Searching Music
You can search iPod nano for songs, playlists, album titles, artist names, audio podcasts,
and audiobooks. The search feature doesn’t search videos, notes, calendar items,
contacts, or lyrics.
Note: Not all languages are supported.
To search iPod nano:
1 From the Music menu, choose Search.
2 Enter a search string by using the Click Wheel to navigate the alphabet and pressing
the Center button to enter each character.
iPod nano starts searching as soon as you enter the first character, displaying the
results on the search screen. For example, if you enter “b,” then iPod nano displays all
music items containing the letter “b.” If you enter “ab,” iPod nano displays all items
containing that sequence of letters.
To enter a space, press the Next/Fast-forward button.8 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics
To delete the previous character, press the Previous/Rewind button.
3 Press Menu to display the results list, which you can now navigate.
Items appear in the results list with icons identifying their type: song, video, artist,
album, audiobook, or podcast.
To return to Search (if Search is highlighted in the menu), press the Center button.
Turning off the Click Wheel Sound
When you scroll through menu items, you can hear a clicking sound through the
iPod nano internal speaker. If you like, you can turn the Click Wheel sound off.
To turn off the Click Wheel sound:
m Choose Settings and set Clicker to Off.
To turn the Click Wheel sound on again, set Clicker to On.
Disabling iPod nano Controls
If you don’t want to turn iPod nano on or activate controls accidentally, you can make
them inactive using the Hold switch.
m Slide the Hold switch to HOLD (so you can see the orange bar).Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics 9
Using iPod nano Menus
When you turn on iPod nano, you see the main menu. Choose menu items to perform
functions or go to other menus. Icons along the top of the screen show iPod nano
status.
Adding or Removing Items from the Main Menu
You might want to add often-used items to the iPod nano main menu. For example,
you can add a Songs item to the main menu, so you don’t have to choose Music before
you choose Songs.
To add or remove items from the main menu:
1 Choose Settings > Main Menu.
2 Choose each item you want to appear in the main menu. A checkmark indicates which
items have been added.
Setting the Backlight Timer
You can set the backlight to turn on and illuminate the screen for a certain amount of
time when you press a button or use the Click Wheel. The default is 10 seconds.
m Choose Settings > Backlight Timer, and then choose the time you want. Choose “Always
On” to prevent the backlight from turning off.
Display item Function
Menu title Displays the title of the current menu.
Lock icon The Lock icon appears when the Hold switch (on the bottom of
iPod nano) is set to HOLD. This indicates that the iPod nano
controls are disabled.
Play status The Play (“) icon appears when a song, video, or other item is
playing. The Pause (1) icon appears when the item is paused.
Battery status The Battery icon shows the approximate remaining battery charge.
Menu items Use the Click Wheel to scroll through menu items. Press the Center
button to choose an item. An arrow next to a menu item indicates
that choosing it leads to another menu or screen.
Menu title
Menu items
Battery status
Play status
Lock icon10 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics
Setting the Screen Brightness
You can adjust the brightness of the iPod nano screen by moving a slider.
m Choose Settings > Brightness, and then use the Click Wheel to move the slider. Moving
it to the left dims the screen; moving it to the right increases the screen brightness.
You can also set the brightness during a slideshow or video. Press the Center button to
bring up or dismiss the brightness slider.
Setting the Language
iPod nano can be set to use different languages.
m Choose Settings > Language, and then choose a language from the list.
Getting Information About iPod nano
You can get details about your iPod nano, such as how much space is available, how
many songs, videos, photos, and other items you have, and the serial number, model,
and software version.
To get information about iPod nano:
m Choose Settings > About, and press the Center button to cycle through the screens of
information.
Resetting All Settings
You can reset all the items on the Settings menu to their default setting.
m Choose Settings > Reset Settings, and then choose Reset.
Connecting and Disconnecting iPod nano
You connect iPod nano to your computer to add music, videos, photos, and files, and to
charge the battery. Disconnect iPod nano when you’re done.
Connecting iPod nano
To connect iPod nano to your computer:
m Plug the included iPod Dock Connector to USB 2.0 cable into a high-powered USB 2.0
port on your computer, and then connect the other end to iPod nano.
If you have an iPod Dock, you can connect the cable to a USB 2.0 port on your
computer, connect the other end to the Dock, and then put iPod nano in the Dock.Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics 11
Note: The USB port on most keyboards doesn’t provide enough power. You must
connect iPod nano to a USB 2.0 port on your computer, unless your keyboard has a
high-powered USB 2.0 port.
By default, iTunes syncs songs on iPod nano automatically when you connect it to your
computer. When iTunes is finished, you can disconnect iPod nano.
Note: You can sync songs while your battery is charging.
If you connect iPod nano to a different computer and it’s set to sync music
automatically, iTunes prompts you before syncing any music. If you click Yes, the songs
and other audio files already on iPod nano will be erased and replaced with songs and
other audio files on the computer iPod nano is connected to. For more information
about adding music to iPod nano and using iPod nano with more than one computer,
see Chapter 2, “Music Features,” on page 17.12 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics
Disconnecting iPod nano
It’s important not to disconnect iPod nano from your computer while music is being
synced. You can easily see if it’s OK to disconnect iPod nano by looking at the
iPod nano screen.
Important: Don’t disconnect iPod nano if you see the “Connected” or “Sync in Progress”
messages. You could damage files on iPod nano. If you see one of these messages, you
must eject iPod nano before disconnecting it.
If you set iPod nano to manage songs manually (see “Managing iPod nano Manually”
on page 24) or enable iPod nano for disk use (see “Using iPod nano as an External Disk”
on page 46), you must always eject iPod nano before disconnecting it.
If you see the main menu or a large battery icon, you can disconnect iPod nano.
Important: If you see one of these messages, you must eject
iPod nano before disconnecting it.Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics 13
To eject iPod nano:
m Click the Eject (C) button next to iPod nano in the list of devices in the iTunes source
list.
If you’re using a Mac, you can also eject iPod nano by dragging the iPod nano icon on
the desktop to the Trash.
If you’re using a Windows PC, you can also eject iPod nano in My Computer or by
clicking the Safely Remove Hardware icon in the Windows system tray and selecting
iPod nano.
To disconnect iPod nano:
1 Unplug the headphones if they’re attached.
2 Disconnect the cable from iPod nano. If iPod nano is in the Dock, simply remove it.
If your Dock connector is larger than the one shown, squeeze both sides of the
connector while removing.
You can safely disconnect iPod nano while either of these messages is displayed.14 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics
About the iPod nano Battery
iPod nano has an internal, non-user-replaceable battery. For best results, the first time
you use iPod nano, let it charge for about three hours or until the battery icon in the
status area of the display shows that the battery is fully charged. If iPod nano isn’t used
for a while, the battery might need to be charged.
The iPod nano battery is 80-percent charged in about 1.5 hours and fully charged in
about three hours. If you charge iPod nano while adding files, playing music, viewing
videos, or viewing a slideshow, it might take longer.
Charging the iPod nano Battery
You can charge the iPod nano battery in two ways:
 Connect iPod nano to your computer.
 Use the Apple USB Power Adapter, available separately.
To charge the battery using your computer:
m Connect iPod nano to a USB 2.0 port on your computer. The computer must be turned
on and not in sleep mode (some Mac models can charge iPod nano while in sleep
mode).
If the battery icon on the iPod nano screen shows the Charging screen, the battery is
charging. If it shows the Charged screen, the battery is fully charged.
If you don’t see the charging screen, iPod nano might not be connected to a
high-power USB port. Try another USB port on your computer. Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics 15
Important: If a “Charging, Please Wait” or “Connect to Power” message appears on the
iPod nano screen, the battery needs to be charged before iPod nano can communicate
with your computer. See “If iPod nano displays a “Connect to Power” message” on
page 58.
If you want to charge iPod nano when you’re away from your computer, you can
purchase the Apple USB Power Adapter.
To charge the battery using the Apple USB Power Adapter:
1 Connect the AC plug adapter to the power adapter (they might already be connected).
2 Connect the iPod Dock Connector to USB 2.0 cable to the power adapter, and plug the
other end of the cable into iPod nano.
3 Plug the power adapter into a working electrical outlet.
WARNING: Make sure the power adapter is fully assembled before plugging it into an
electrical outlet.
AC plug adapter
(The plug on your Power Adapter may look different.)
USB Power Adapter
iPod Dock Connector to USB 2.0 Cable16 Chapter 1 iPod nano Basics
Understanding Battery States
When iPod nano isn’t connected to a power source, a battery icon in the top-right
corner of the iPod nano screen shows approximately how much charge is left.
If iPod nano is connected to a power source, the battery icon changes to show that the
battery is charging or fully charged.
You can disconnect and use iPod nano before it’s fully charged.
Note: Rechargeable batteries have a limited number of charge cycles and might
eventually need to be replaced. Battery life and number of charge cycles vary by use
and settings. For more information, go to www.apple.com/batteries.
Battery less than 20% charged
Battery about halfway charged
Battery fully charged
Battery charging (lightning bolt)
Battery fully charged (plug)2
17
2 Music Features
With iPod nano, you can take your music and audio collection
with you wherever you go. Read this chapter to learn about
adding music and listening to iPod nano.
You use iPod nano by importing songs, audiobooks, movies, TV shows, music videos,
and podcasts into your computer and then adding them to iPod nano. Read on to learn
more about the steps in this process, including:
 Getting music from your CD collection, hard disk, or the iTunes Store (part of iTunes
and available in some countries only) into the iTunes application on your computer
 Organizing your music and other audio into playlists, if you want
 Adding playlists, songs, audiobooks, videos, and podcasts to iPod nano
 Listening to music or other audio on the go
About iTunes
iTunes is the software application you use with iPod nano. iTunes can sync music,
audiobooks, podcasts, and more with iPod nano. When you connect iPod nano to your
computer, iTunes opens automatically.
This guide explains how to use iTunes to download songs and other audio and video to
your computer, create personal compilations of your favorite songs (called playlists),
add them to iPod nano, and adjust iPod nano settings.
iTunes also has many other features. You can make your own CDs that play in standard
CD players (if your computer has a CD-recordable drive); listen to streaming Internet
radio; watch videos and TV shows; rate songs according to preference; and much more.
For information about using these iTunes features, open iTunes and choose
Help > iTunes Help.18 Chapter 2 Music Features
Importing Music into Your iTunes Library
To listen to music on iPod nano, you first need to get that music into iTunes on your
computer.
There are three ways of getting music and other audio into iTunes:
 Purchase music, audiobooks, and videos, or download podcasts online from the
iTunes Store.
 Import music and other audio from audio CDs.
 Add music and other audio that’s already on your computer to your iTunes library.
Purchasing Songs and Downloading Podcasts Using the iTunes Store
If you have an Internet connection, you can easily purchase and download songs,
albums, audiobooks, and videos online using the iTunes Store. You can also subscribe
to and download podcasts.
To purchase music online using the iTunes Store, you set up an Apple account in
iTunes, find the songs you want, and then buy them. If you already have an Apple
account, or if you have an America Online (AOL) account (available in some countries
only), you can use that account to sign in to the iTunes Store and buy songs.
Note: You don’t need an iTunes Store account to download or subscribe to podcasts.
To sign in to the iTunes Store:
m Open iTunes and then:
 If you already have an iTunes account, choose Store > Sign In.
 If you don’t already have an iTunes account, choose Store > Create Account and follow
the onscreen instructions to set up an Apple account or enter your existing Apple
account or AOL account information.Chapter 2 Music Features 19
To find songs, audiobooks, videos, and podcasts:
You can browse or search the iTunes Store to find the album, song, or artist you’re
looking for. Open iTunes and select iTunes Store in the source list.
 To browse the iTunes Store, choose a category (for example, Music) on the left side of
the main page in the iTunes Store. You can choose a genre, look at new releases, click
one of the featured songs, look at Top Songs and more, or click Browse under Quick
Links in the main iTunes Store window.
 To browse for podcasts, click the Podcasts link on the left side of the main page in the
iTunes Store.
 To browse for videos, click the Movies, TV Shows, or Music Videos link on the left side
of the main page in the iTunes Store.
 To search the iTunes Store, type the name of an album, song, artist, or composer in the
search field.
 To narrow your search, type something in the search field, press Return or Enter on
your keyboard, and then click links in the Search Bar at the top of the results page.
For example, to narrow your search to songs and albums, click the Music link.
 To search for a combination of items, click Power Search in the Search Results window.
 To return to the main page of the iTunes Store, click the Home button in the status line
at the top of the window.
To buy a song, album, movie, TV show, music video, or audiobook:
1 Select iTunes Store in the source list, and then find the item you want to buy.
You can double-click a song or other item to listen to a portion of it and make sure it’s
what you want. You can view movie trailers or TV show previews. (If your network
connection is slower than 128 kbps, choose iTunes > Preferences, and in the Store pane,
select the “Load complete preview before playing” checkbox.)
2 Click Buy Song, Buy Album, Buy Movie, Buy Episode, Buy Video, or Buy Book.
Some items have other options, such as TV shows that let you buy a season pass for all
episodes.
The song or other item is downloaded to your computer and charged to the credit card
listed on your Apple or AOL account.
To download or subscribe to a podcast:
1 Select iTunes Store in the source list.
2 Click the Podcasts link on the left side of the main page in the iTunes Store.
3 Browse for the podcast you want to download.
 To download a single podcast episode, click the Get Episode button next to the
episode.20 Chapter 2 Music Features
 To subscribe to a podcast, click the Subscribe button next to the podcast graphic.
iTunes downloads the most recent episode. As new episodes become available, they
are automatically downloaded to iTunes when you connect to the Internet.
For more information, see “Adding Podcasts to iPod nano” on page 25 and “Watching
and Listening to Podcasts” on page 31.
Adding Songs Already on Your Computer to Your iTunes Library
If you have songs on your computer encoded in file formats that iTunes supports, you
can easily add the songs to iTunes.
To add songs on your computer to your iTunes library:
m Drag the folder or disk containing the audio files to Library in the iTunes source list (or
choose File > Add to Library and select the folder or disk). If iTunes supports the song
file format, the songs are automatically added to your iTunes library.
You can also drag individual song files to iTunes.
Note: Using iTunes for Windows, you can convert nonprotected WMA files to AAC or
MP3 format. This can be useful if you have a library of music encoded in WMA format.
For more information, open iTunes and choose Help > iTunes Help.
Importing Music From Your Audio CDs Into iTunes
Follow these instructions to get music from your CDs into iTunes.
To import music from an audio CD into iTunes:
1 Insert a CD into your computer and open iTunes.
If you have an Internet connection, iTunes gets the names of the songs on the CD from
the Internet (if available) and lists them in the window.
If you don’t have an Internet connection, you can import your CDs and, later, when you’re
connected to the Internet, choose Advanced > Get CD Track Names. iTunes will bring in
the track names for the imported CDs.
If the CD track names aren’t available online, you can enter the names of the songs
manually. For more information, see “Entering Song Names and Other Details” on
page 21.
With song information entered, you can browse for songs in iTunes or on iPod by title,
artist, album, and more.
2 Click to remove the checkmark next to any song you don’t want to import.
3 Click the Import button. The display area at the top of the iTunes window shows how
much time it will take to import each song.
Note: By default, iTunes plays songs as they are imported. If you’re importing a lot of
songs, you might want to stop the songs from playing to improve performance.Chapter 2 Music Features 21
4 To eject the CD, click the Eject (C) button.
You cannot eject a CD until the import is done.
5 Repeat these steps for any other CDs with songs you want to import.
Entering Song Names and Other Details
To enter CD song names and other information manually:
1 Select the first song on the CD and choose File > Get Info.
2 Click Info.
3 Enter the song information.
4 Click Next to enter information for the next song.
5 Click OK when you finish.
Adding Lyrics
You can enter song lyrics in plain text format into iTunes so that you can view the song
lyrics on iPod nano while the song is playing.
To enter lyrics into iTunes:
1 Select a song and choose File > Get Info.
2 Click Lyrics.
3 Enter song lyrics in the text box.
4 Click Next to enter lyrics for the next song.
5 Click OK when you finish.
For more information, see “Viewing Lyrics on iPod nano” on page 30.
Adding Album Artwork
Music you purchase from the iTunes Store includes album artwork, which your
iPod nano can display. You can add album artwork for music you’ve imported from CDs,
if you have the album art on your computer.
To add album artwork to iTunes:
1 Select a song and choose File > Get Info.
2 Click Artwork.
3 Click Add, navigate to the artwork file, and click Choose.
4 Use the slider to adjust the size of the artwork.
5 Click Next to add artwork for the next song or album.
6 Click OK when you finish.
For more information, see “Viewing Album Artwork on iPod nano” on page 31.22 Chapter 2 Music Features
Organizing Your Music
Using iTunes, you can organize songs and other items into lists, called playlists, in any
way you want. For example, you can make playlists with songs to listen to while
exercising, or playlists with songs for a particular mood.
You can also make Smart Playlists that update automatically based on rules you define.
When you add songs to iTunes that match the rules, they automatically get added to
the Smart Playlist.
You can make as many playlists as you like using any of the songs in your iTunes library.
Adding a song to a playlist or later removing it doesn’t remove it from your library.
To make a playlist in iTunes:
1 Click the Add (+) button or choose File > New Playlist.
2 Type a name for the playlist.
3 Click Music in the Library list, and then drag a song or other item to the playlist.
To select multiple songs, hold down the Shift key or the Command (x) key on a Mac,
or the Shift key or the Control key on a Windows PC, as you click each song.
To make a Smart Playlist:
m Choose File > New Smart Playlist and define the rules for your playlist.
Note: To make playlists on iPod nano when iPod nano isn’t connected to your
computer, see “Making On-The-Go Playlists on iPod nano” on page 27.
Adding Music and Podcasts to iPod nano
After your music is imported and organized in iTunes, you can easily add it to
iPod nano.
To set how music is added from your computer to iPod nano, you connect iPod nano to
your computer, and then use iTunes preferences to choose iPod nano settings.Chapter 2 Music Features 23
You can set iTunes to add music to iPod nano in three ways:
 Sync all songs and playlists: When you connect iPod nano, it’s automatically updated
to match the songs and other items in your iTunes library. Any other songs on
iPod nano are deleted.
 Sync selected playlists: When you connect iPod nano, it’s automatically updated to
match the songs in playlists you select in iTunes.
 Manually add music to iPod nano: When you connect iPod nano, you can drag songs
and playlists individually to iPod nano, and delete songs and playlists individually
from iPod nano. Using this option, you can add songs from more than one computer
without erasing songs from iPod nano. When you manage music yourself, you must
always eject iPod nano from iTunes before you can disconnect it.
Syncing Music Automatically
By default, iPod nano is set to sync all songs and playlists when you connect it to your
computer. This is the simplest way to add music to iPod nano. You just connect
iPod nano to your computer, let it add songs, audiobooks, videos, and other items
automatically, and then disconnect it and go. If you added any songs to iTunes since
the last time you connected iPod nano, they are synced with iPod nano. If you deleted
songs from iTunes, they are removed from iPod nano.
To sync music with iPod nano:
m Simply connect iPod nano to your computer. If iPod nano is set to sync automatically,
the update begins.
Important: The first time you connect iPod nano to a computer, a message asks if you
want to sync songs automatically. If you accept, all songs, audiobooks, and videos are
erased from iPod nano and replaced with the songs and other items from that
computer. If you don’t accept, you can still add songs to iPod nano manually without
erasing any of the songs already on iPod nano.
While music is being synced from your computer onto iPod nano, the iTunes status
window shows progress, and you see a sync icon next to the iPod nano icon in the
source list.
When the update is done, a message in iTunes says “iPod update is complete.”
Syncing Music From Selected Playlists onto iPod nano
Setting iTunes to sync selected playlists to iPod nano is useful if the music in your
iTunes library doesn’t all fit on iPod nano. Only the music in the playlists you select is
synced to iPod nano.
To set iTunes to sync music from selected playlists onto iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Music tab.
2 Select “Sync music” and then choose “Selected playlists.”24 Chapter 2 Music Features
3 Select the playlists you want.
4 To include music videos and display album artwork, select those options.
5 Click Apply.
Note: If “Sync only checked songs and videos” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes
syncs only items that are checked.
Managing iPod nano Manually
Setting iTunes to let you manage iPod nano manually gives you the most flexibility for
managing music and video on iPod nano. You can add and remove individual songs
(including music videos) and videos (movies and TV shows). Also, you can add music
and videos from multiple computers to iPod nano without erasing items already on
iPod nano.
Note: Setting iPod nano to manually manage music and video turns off the automatic
sync options in the Music, Movies, and TV Shows panes. You cannot manually manage
one and automatically sync another at the same time.
To set iTunes to let you manage music and video on iPod nano manually:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab.
2 In the Options section, select “Manually manage music and video.”
3 Click Apply.
Note: When you manage songs and video yourself, you must always eject iPod nano
from iTunes before you disconnect it.
To add a song, video, or other item to iPod nano:
1 Click Music or another Library item in the iTunes source list.
2 Drag a song or other item to the iPod nano icon in the source list.
To remove a song, video, or other item from iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list.
2 Select a song or other item on iPod nano and press the Delete or Backspace key on
your keyboard.
If you manually remove a song or other item from iPod nano, it isn’t deleted from your
iTunes library.
To make a new playlist on iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list, and then click the Add (+) button or
choose File > New Playlist.
2 Type a name for the playlist.
3 Click an item, such as Music, in the Library list, and then drag songs or other items to
the playlist.Chapter 2 Music Features 25
To add songs to or remove songs from a playlist on iPod nano:
m Drag a song to a playlist on iPod nano to add the song. Select a song in a playlist and
press the Delete key on your keyboard to delete the song.
If you set iTunes to manage music manually, you can reset it later to sync automatically.
To reset iTunes to sync all music automatically on iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Music tab.
2 Select “Sync music” and then choose “All songs and playlists.”
3 Click Apply.
The update begins automatically.
Note: If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only
items that are checked in your Music and other libraries.
Adding Podcasts to iPod nano
The settings for adding podcasts to iPod nano are unrelated to the settings for adding
songs. Podcast update settings don’t affect song update settings, and vice versa. You
can set iTunes to automatically sync all or selected podcasts, or you can add podcasts
to iPod nano manually.
To set iTunes to update the podcasts on iPod nano automatically:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Podcasts tab.
2 In the Podcasts pane, select “Sync … episodes” and choose the number of episodes
you want in the pop-up menu.
3 Click “All podcasts” or “Selected podcasts.” If you click “Selected podcasts,” also select
the podcasts in the list that you want to sync.
4 Click Apply.
When you set iTunes to sync iPod nano podcasts automatically, iPod nano is updated
each time you connect it to your computer.
Note: If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only
items that are checked in your Podcasts and other libraries.
To manually manage podcasts:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab.
2 Select “Manually manage music and videos” and click Apply.
3 Select the Podcasts library in the source list and drag the podcasts you want to
iPod nano.26 Chapter 2 Music Features
Playing Music
After you add music and other audio to iPod nano, you can listen to it. Use the Click
Wheel and Center button to browse for a song, audiobook, video, or podcast.
To browse for and play a song:
m Choose Music, browse for a song, and press the Play/Pause button.
Note: When you browse for music videos in the Music menu, you only hear the music.
When you browse for them in the Videos menu, you also see the video.
When a song is playing, the Now Playing screen appears. The following table describes
the elements on the Now Playing screen of iPod nano.
When you see the Now Playing screen, you can use the Click Wheel to change the
volume. You can press the Center button multiple times from the Now Playing screen
to get to other information and options, such as the scrubber bar, rating bullets, shuffle
settings, lyrics, podcast information, and more. The scrubber bar displays a diamond to
show where you are in the track, along with elapsed and remaining times. Press the
Menu button to return to the previous screen.
Now Playing screen item Function
Shuffle (¡) icon Appears if iPod nano is set to shuffle songs or albums.
Repeat (⁄) icon Appears if iPod nano is set to repeat all songs. The Repeat Once
(!) icon appears if iPod nano is set to repeat one song.
Album art Shows the album art, if it’s available.
Song information Displays the song title, artist, and album title.
Rating Displays stars if you rate the song.
Song number Shows the number of the song that’s playing within the current
sequence of songs.
Song time progress bar Shows the elapsed and remaining times for the song that’s playing.
Shuffle icon
Repeat icon
Song time
Song information,
rating, and sequence
number
Album artChapter 2 Music Features 27
Setting iPod nano to Shuffle Songs
You can set iPod nano to play songs, albums, or your entire library in random order.
To set iPod nano to shuffle and play all your songs:
m Choose Shuffle Songs from the iPod nano main menu.
iPod nano begins playing songs from your entire music library in random order,
skipping audiobooks and podcasts.
To set iPod nano to always shuffle songs or albums:
1 Choose Settings from the iPod nano main menu.
2 Set Shuffle to either Songs or Albums.
When you set iPod nano to shuffle songs by choosing Settings > Shuffle, iPod nano
shuffles songs within the list (for example, album or playlist) you choose to play.
When you set iPod nano to shuffle albums, it plays all the songs on an album in order,
and then randomly selects another album in the list and plays through it in order.
To set shuffle options from the Now Playing screen:
m Press the Center button until you see the shuffle icon. Choose Songs, Albums, or Off.
Setting iPod nano to Repeat Songs
You can set iPod nano to repeat a song over and over, or repeat songs within the list
you choose to play.
To set iPod nano to repeat songs:
m Choose Settings from the iPod nano main menu.
 To repeat all songs in the list, set Repeat to All.
 To repeat one song over and over, set Repeat to One.
Customizing the Music Menu
You can add items to or remove them from the Music menu, just as you do with the
main menu. For example, you can add a Compilations item to the Music menu, so you
can easily choose compilations that are put together from various sources.
To add or remove items from the Music menu:
1 Choose Settings > Music Menu.
2 Choose each item you want to appear in the main menu. A checkmark indicates which
items have been added. To revert to the original Music menu settings, choose Reset
Menu.
Making On-The-Go Playlists on iPod nano
You can make playlists on iPod nano, called On-The-Go Playlists, when iPod nano isn’t
connected to your computer.28 Chapter 2 Music Features
To make an On-The-Go playlist:
1 Select a song, and then press and hold the Center button until the song title flashes.
2 Choose other songs you want to add.
3 Choose Music > Playlists > On-The-Go to view and play your list of songs.
You can also add a list of songs. For example, to add an album, highlight the album
title and press and hold the Center button until the album title flashes.
To play songs in the On-The-Go playlist:
m Choose Music > Playlists > On-The-Go and choose a song.
To remove a song from the On-The-Go playlist:
m Select a song in the playlist, and hold down the Center button until the song title
flashes.
To clear the entire On-The-Go playlist:
m Choose Music > Playlists > On-The-Go > Clear Playlist and then click Clear.
To save the On-The-Go playlists on iPod nano:
m Choose Music > Playlists > On-The-Go > Save Playlist.
The first playlist is saved as “New Playlist 1” in the Playlists menu. The On-The-Go
playlist is cleared. You can save as many playlists as you like. After you save a playlist,
you can no longer remove songs from it.
To copy the On-The-Go playlists to your computer:
m If iPod nano is set to update songs automatically (see “Syncing Music Automatically” on
page 23), and you make an On-The-Go playlist, the playlist is automatically copied to
iTunes when you connect iPod nano. You see the new On-The-Go playlist in the list of
playlists in iTunes. You can rename, edit, or delete the new playlist, just as you would
any playlist in iTunes.
Rating Songs
You can assign a rating to a song (from 1 to 5 stars) to indicate how much you like it.
You can use song ratings to help you create Smart Playlists automatically in iTunes.
To rate a song:
1 Start playing the song.
2 From the Now Playing screen, press the Center button until the five Rating bullets
appear.
3 Use the Click Wheel to choose a rating (represented by stars).
Note: You cannot assign ratings to video podcasts.Chapter 2 Music Features 29
Setting the Maximum Volume Limit
You can choose to set a limit for the maximum volume on iPod nano and assign a
combination to prevent the setting from being changed.
To set the maximum volume limit for iPod nano:
1 Choose Settings > Volume Limit.
The volume control shows the current volume.
2 Use the Click Wheel to select the maximum volume limit.
You can press Play to hear the currently selected song play while you select the
maximum volume limit.
3 Press Play/Pause to set the maximum volume limit.
A triangle on the volume bar indicates the maximum volume limit.
4 Press the Menu button to accept the maximum volume limit without requiring a
combination to change it. Or, on the Enter Combination screen, set a combination to
require that the combination be entered to change the maximum volume limit.
5 To enter a combination:
 Use the Click Wheel to select a number for the first position. Press the Center button
to confirm your choice and move to the next position.
 Use the same method to set the remaining numbers of the combination. You can use
the Next/Fast-forward button to move to the next position and the Previous/Rewind
button to move to the previous position. Press the Center button in the final position
to confirm the entire combination.
Note: The volume of songs and other audio may vary depending on how the audio
was recorded or encoded. See “Setting Songs to Play at the Same Volume Level” on
page 30 for information about how to set a relative volume level in iTunes and on
iPod nano. Volume level may also vary if you use different earphones or headphones.
With the exception of the iPod Radio Remote, accessories that connect through the
iPod Dock Connector don’t support volume limits.
If you set a combination, you must enter it before you can change or remove the
maximum volume limit.
To change the maximum volume limit:
1 Choose Settings > Volume Limit.
2 If you set a combination, enter it by using the Click Wheel to select the numbers and
pressing the Center button to confirm them.
3 Use the Click Wheel to change the maximum volume limit.
4 Press the Play/Pause button to accept the change.30 Chapter 2 Music Features
To remove the maximum volume limit:
1 If you’re currently listening to iPod nano, press Pause.
2 Choose Settings > Volume Limit.
3 If you set a combination, enter it by using the Click Wheel to select the numbers and
pressing the Center button to confirm them.
4 Use the Click Wheel to move the volume limit to the maximum level on the volume bar.
This removes any restriction on volume.
5 Press the Play/Pause button to accept the change.
Note: If you forget the combination, you can restore iPod nano. See “Updating and
Restoring iPod Software” on page 61 for more information.
Setting Songs to Play at the Same Volume Level
iTunes can automatically adjust the volume of songs, so they play at the same relative
volume level. You can set iPod nano to use the iTunes volume settings.
To set iTunes to play songs at the same sound level:
1 In iTunes, choose iTunes > Preferences if you’re using a Mac, or choose
Edit > Preferences if you’re using a Windows PC.
2 Click Playback and select Sound Check, and then click OK.
To set iPod nano to use the iTunes volume settings:
m Choose Settings and set Sound Check to On.
If you haven’t activated Sound Check in iTunes, setting it on iPod nano has no effect.
Using the Equalizer
You can use equalizer presets to change the sound on iPod nano to suit a particular
music genre or style. For example, to make rock music sound better, set the equalizer
to Rock.
To use the equalizer to change the sound on iPod nano:
m Choose Settings > EQ and choose an equalizer preset.
If you assigned an equalizer preset to a song in iTunes and the iPod nano equalizer is
set to Off, the song plays using the iTunes setting. See iTunes Help for more
information.
Viewing Lyrics on iPod nano
If you enter lyrics for a song in iTunes (see “Adding Lyrics” on page 21) and then add
the song to iPod nano, you can view the lyrics on iPod nano.
To view lyrics on iPod nano while a song is playing:
m On the Now Playing screen, press the Center button until you see the lyrics. The screen
displays the lyrics, which you can scroll through as the song plays.Chapter 2 Music Features 31
Viewing Album Artwork on iPod nano
By default, iTunes is set to allow you to view album artwork on iPod nano. If the
artwork is available, you’ll see it on iPod nano in the album list and when you play
music from the album.
To set iTunes to display album artwork on iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Music tab.
2 Choose “Display album artwork on your iPod.”
To see album artwork on iPod nano:
m Play a song that has album artwork.
For more information about album artwork, open iTunes and choose Help > iTunes
Help.
Watching and Listening to Podcasts
Podcasts are downloadable audio or video shows you get at the iTunes Store. You can
listen to audio podcasts and watch video podcasts. Podcasts are organized by shows,
episodes within shows, and chapters within episodes. If you stop watching or listening
to a podcast and go back to it later, the podcast begins playing from where you left off.
To watch or listen to a podcast:
1 From the main menu, choose Podcasts, and then choose a show.
Shows appear in reverse chronological order so that you can watch or listen to the
most recent one first. You see a blue dot next to shows and episodes you haven’t
watched or listened to yet.
2 Choose an episode to play it.
The Now Playing screen displays the show, episode, and date information, along with
elapsed and remaining time. Press the Center button to see more information about
the podcast. If the podcast includes artwork, you also see a picture. Podcast artwork
can change during an episode, so you might see several pictures during the podcast.
If the podcast you’re watching or listening to has chapters, you can press the
Next/Fast-forward or Previous/Rewind button to skip to the next chapter or the
beginning of the current chapter in the podcast.
For more information about podcasts, open iTunes and choose Help > iTunes Help.
Then search for “podcasts.”32 Chapter 2 Music Features
Listening to Audiobooks
You can purchase and download audiobooks from the iTunes Store or from
audible.com and listen to them on iPod nano.
You can use iTunes to add audiobooks to iPod nano the same way you add songs. If
you stop listening to an audiobook on iPod nano and go back to it later, the audiobook
begins playing from where you left off. iPod nano skips audiobooks when set to shuffle.
If the audiobook you’re listening to has chapters, you can press the Next/Fast-forward
or Previous/Rewind button to skip to the next chapter or the beginning of the current
chapter in the audiobook.
You can play audiobooks at speeds faster or slower than normal.
To set audiobook play speed:
m Choose Settings > Audiobooks and choose a speed.
Setting the play speed only affects audiobooks purchased from the iTunes Store or
audible.com.
Listening to FM Radio
You can listen to radio using the optional iPod Radio Remote accessory for iPod nano.
iPod Radio Remote attaches to iPod nano using the Dock connector cable. When you’re
using iPod Radio Remote, you see a Radio menu item on the iPod nano main menu. For
more information, see the iPod Radio Remote documentation.3
33
3 Video Features
You can purchase movies, TV shows, and music videos, rent
movies, and download video podcasts at the iTunes Store,
and then add them to your iPod nano. You can watch videos
on iPod nano or on a TV connected to iPod nano. Read this
chapter to learn about downloading and viewing videos.
Purchasing or Renting Videos and Downloading
Video Podcasts
To purchase videos—movies, TV shows, and music videos—or rent movies online from
the iTunes Store (part of iTunes and available in some countries only), you set up an
Apple account in iTunes, find the videos you want, and then buy or rent them. If you
already have an Apple account, or if you have an America Online (AOL) account
(available in some countries only), you can use that account to sign in to the iTunes
Store and buy videos or rent movies.
To sign in to the iTunes Store:
m Open iTunes and then:
 If you already have an iTunes account, choose Store > Sign In.
 If you don’t already have an iTunes account, choose Store > Create Account and follow
the onscreen instructions to set up an Apple account or enter your existing Apple
account or AOL account information.34 Chapter 3 Video Features
To browse videos in the iTunes Store:
1 In iTunes, select iTunes Store in the source list.
2 Click an item (Movies, TV Shows, or Music Videos) in the iTunes Store list on the left.
You can also find some music videos as part of an album or other offer.
Videos in iTunes and in the iTunes Store have a display ( ) icon next to them.
To buy or rent a video:
1 Select iTunes Store in the source list, and then find the item you want to buy or rent.
2 Click Buy Video, Buy Episode, Buy Season, Buy Movie, or Rent Movie.
Purchased videos appear when you select Movies (under Library) or Purchased (under
Store) in the source list. Rented videos appear when you select Rented Movies (under
Library).
To download a video podcast:
Video podcasts appear alongside other podcasts in the iTunes Store. You can subscribe
to them and download them just as you would other podcasts. You don’t need an
iTunes Store account to download podcasts. See “Purchasing Songs and Downloading
Podcasts Using the iTunes Store” on page 18 for instructions.
Converting Your Own Videos to Work with iPod nano
You can view other video files on iPod nano, such as videos you create in iMovie on a
Mac or videos you download from the Internet. Import the video into iTunes, convert it
for use with iPod nano, if necessary, and then add it to iPod nano.
iTunes supports all the video formats that QuickTime supports. For more information,
choose Help > QuickTime Player Help from the QuickTime Player menu bar.
To import a video into iTunes:
m Drag the video file to your iTunes library.
Some videos may be ready for use with iPod nano after you import them to iTunes. If
you try to add a video to iPod nano (see “Syncing Videos Automatically” on page 35 for
instructions), and a message says the video can’t play on iPod nano, then you must
convert the video for use with iPod nano.
To convert a video for use with iPod nano:
1 Select the video in your iTunes library.
2 Choose Advanced > “Convert Selection to iPod.”
Depending on the length and content of a video, converting it for use with iPod nano
can take several minutes to several hours.
Note: When you convert a video for use with iPod nano, the original video remains in
your iTunes library. Chapter 3 Video Features 35
For more information about converting video for iPod nano, go to
www.info.apple.com/kbnum/n302758.
Adding Videos to iPod nano
You add movies and TV shows to iPod nano much the same way you add songs. You
can set iTunes to sync all movies and TV shows to iPod nano automatically when you
connect iPod nano, or you can set iTunes to sync only selected playlists. Alternatively,
you can manage movies and TV shows manually. Using this option, you can add videos
from more than one computer without erasing videos already on iPod nano.
Note: Music videos are managed with songs, under the Music tab in iTunes.
See “Adding Music and Podcasts to iPod nano” on page 22.
Important: If you rent a movie from the iTunes Store and add it to iPod nano, you will
only be able to view it on iPod nano. Once you add a rented movie to iPod nano, it
can’t be transferred again.
Syncing Videos Automatically
By default, iPod nano is set to sync all videos when you connect it to your computer.
This is the simplest way to add videos to iPod nano. You just connect iPod nano to your
computer, let it add videos and other items automatically, and then disconnect it and
go. If you added any videos to iTunes since the last time you connected iPod nano,
they are added to iPod nano. If you deleted videos from iTunes, they are removed from
iPod nano.
You can set iPod nano to sync videos automatically when you connect it to your
computer.
To sync videos to iPod nano:
m Simply connect iPod nano to your computer. If iPod nano is set to sync automatically,
the syncing begins.36 Chapter 3 Video Features
Important: The first time you connect iPod nano to a different computer and have the
automatic sync option set, a message asks if you want to sync songs and videos
automatically. If you accept, all songs, videos, and other items are deleted from
iPod nano and replaced with the songs, videos, and other items in the iTunes library on
that computer. If you don’t accept, you can still add videos to iPod nano manually
without deleting any of the videos already on iPod nano.
iTunes includes a feature to sync purchased items from iPod nano to another computer.
For more information, see iTunes Help.
While videos are being synced from your computer to iPod nano, the iTunes status
window shows progress and the iPod nano icon in the source list flashes red.
When the update is done, a message in iTunes says “iPod update is complete.”
Syncing Selected Videos to iPod nano
Setting iTunes to sync selected videos to iPod nano is useful if you have more videos in
your iTunes library than will fit on iPod nano. Only the videos you specify are synced
with iPod nano. You can sync selected videos or selected playlists that contain videos.
To set iTunes to sync unwatched or selected movies to iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Movies tab.
2 Select “Sync movies.”
3 Select the movies or playlists you want.
Unwatched movies: Select “… unwatched movies” and choose the number you want
from the pop-up menu.
Selected movies or playlists: Click “Selected …,” choose “movies” or “playlists” from the
pop-up menu, and then select the movies or playlists you want.
4 Click Apply.
Note: If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only
items that are checked in your Movies and other libraries.
To set iTunes to sync most recent episodes or selected TV shows to iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the TV Shows tab.
2 Select “Sync … episodes” and choose the number of episodes you want from the popup menu.
3 Click “Selected …” and choose “TV shows” or “playlists” from the pop-up menu.
4 Select the movies or playlists you want to sync.
5 Click Apply.
Note: If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only
items that are checked in your TV Shows and other libraries.Chapter 3 Video Features 37
Managing Videos Manually
Setting iTunes to let you manage iPod nano manually gives you the most flexibility for
managing videos on iPod nano. You can add and remove movies, TV shows, and other
items individually. You can also add videos from multiple computers to iPod nano
without removing videos already on iPod nano. See “Managing iPod nano Manually”
on page 24.
Adding Video Podcasts to iPod nano
You add video podcasts to iPod nano the same way you add other podcasts (see
page 25). If a podcast has a video component, the video plays when you choose it from
Podcasts.
If you set iTunes to manage movies and TV shows manually, you can reset iTunes later
to sync them automatically. If you set iTunes to sync automatically after you’ve been
manually managing iPod nano, you lose any items on iPod nano that aren’t part of your
iTunes library.
To reset iTunes to sync all movies automatically on iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Movies tab.
2 Select “Sync movies” and then select “All movies.”
3 Click Apply.
Note: If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only
items that are checked in your Movies and other libraries.
To reset iTunes to sync all TV shows automatically on iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the TV Shows tab.
2 Select “Sync … episodes” and choose “all” from the pop-up menu.
3 Select “All TV shows.”
4 Click Apply.
Note: If “Only sync checked items” is selected in the Summary pane, iTunes syncs only
items that are checked in your TV Shows and other libraries.
Viewing and Listening to Videos
You can view and listen to videos on iPod nano. If you have an AV cable from Apple
(available separately at www.apple.com/ipodstore), you can watch videos from
iPod nano on TV.38 Chapter 3 Video Features
Viewing and Listening to Videos on iPod nano
Videos you add to iPod nano appear in the Videos menus. Music videos also appear in
Music menus.
To view a video on iPod nano:
m Choose Videos and browse for a video.
When you play the video, you see and hear it.
To listen to a music video’s sound or a video podcast’s sound without playing the
video:
m Choose Music and browse for a music video or a video podcast.
When you play the video, you hear it but don’t see the video.
Watching Videos on a TV Connected to iPod nano
If you have an AV cable from Apple, you can watch videos on a TV connected to your
iPod nano. First you set iPod nano to display videos on a TV, then connect iPod nano to
your TV, and then play a video.
Note: Use the Apple Component AV Cable, the Apple Composite AV Cable, or the
Apple AV Connection Kit. Other similar RCA-type cables might not work. You can
purchase the cables at www.apple.com/ipodstore.
To set iPod nano to display videos on a TV:
m Choose Videos > Settings, and then set TV Out to Ask or On.
If you set TV Out to Ask, iPod nano gives you the option of displaying videos on TV or
on iPod nano every time you play a video.
You can also set video to display full screen or widescreen, and set video to display on
PAL or NTSC devices.
To set TV settings:
m Choose Videos > Settings, and then follow the instructions below.
To set Do this
Video to display on PAL or
NTSC TVs
Set TV Signal to PAL or NTSC.
PAL and NTSC refer to TV broadcast standards. Your TV might use
either of these, depending on the region where it was purchased.
If you aren’t sure which your TV uses, check the documentation
that came with your TV.
The format of your external TV Set TV Screen to Widescreen for 16:9 format or Standard for 4:3
format.
Video to fit to your screen Set “Fit to Screen” to On.
If you set “Fit to Screen” to Off, widescreen videos display in
letterbox format on iPod nano or a standard (4:3) TV screen.
Captions to display Set Captions to On.Chapter 3 Video Features 39
To use the Apple Component AV Cable to connect iPod nano to your TV:
1 Plug the red, green, and blue video connectors into the component video input
(Y, Pb, and Pr) ports on your TV.
You can also use the Apple Composite AV cable. If you do, plug in the yellow video
connector into the video input port on your TV. Your TV must have RCA video and
audio ports.
2 Plug the white and red audio connectors into the left and right analog audio input
ports, respectively, on your TV.
3 Plug the iPod Dock Connector into your iPod nano or Universal Dock.
4 Plug the USB connector into your USB Power Adapter or your computer to keep your
iPod nano charged.
5 Turn on iPod nano and your TV or receiver to start playing.
Make sure you set TV Out on your iPod nano to On.
Note: The ports on your TV or receiver may differ from the ports in the illustration.
To view a video on your TV:
1 Connect iPod nano to your TV (see above).
2 Turn on your TV and set it to display from the input ports connected to iPod nano. See
the documentation that came with your TV for more information.
3 On iPod nano, choose Videos and browse for a video.
USB Power
Adapter
iPod Left audio (white)
Dock Connector
USB
connector
Television
Video in (Y, Pb, Pr)
Right audio (red)4
40
4 Photo Features
You can import digital photos to your computer and add
them to iPod nano. You can view your photos on iPod nano
or as a slideshow on your TV. Read this chapter to learn about
importing and viewing photos.
Importing Photos
You can import digital photos from a digital camera to your computer, and then add
them to iPod nano for viewing. You can connect iPod nano to a TV and view photos as
a slideshow with music.
Importing Photos from a Camera to Your Computer
You can import photos from a digital camera or a photo card reader.
To import photos to a Mac using iPhoto:
1 Connect the camera or photo card reader to your computer. Open iPhoto (located in
the Applications folder) if it doesn’t open automatically.
2 Click Import.
Images from the camera are imported into iPhoto.
You can import other digital images into iPhoto, such as images you download from
the web. For more information about importing and working with photos and other
images, open iPhoto and choose Help > iPhoto Help.Chapter 4 Photo Features 41
iPhoto is available for purchase as part of the iLife suite of applications at
www.apple.com/ilife. iPhoto might already be installed on your Mac, in the
Applications folder.
If you don’t have iPhoto, you can import photos using Image Capture.
To import photos to a Mac using Image Capture:
1 Connect the camera or photo card reader to your computer.
2 Open Image Capture (located in the Applications folder) if it doesn’t open
automatically.
3 To choose specific items to import, click Download Some. Or to download all items,
click Download All.
To import photos to a Windows PC:
m Follow the instructions that came with your digital camera or photo application.
Adding Photos From Your Computer to iPod nano
You can add photos to iPod nano from a folder on your hard disk. If you have a Mac
and iPhoto 4.0.3 or later, you can sync iPhoto albums automatically. If you have a
Windows PC and Adobe Photoshop Album 2.0 or later, or Adobe Photoshop Elements
3.0 or later, you can sync photo collections automatically.
Adding photos to iPod nano the first time might take some time, depending on how
many photos are in your photo library.
To sync photos from a Mac or Windows PC to iPod nano using a photo application:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Photos tab.
2 Select “Sync photos from: …”
 On a Mac, choose iPhoto from the pop-up menu.
 On a Windows PC, choose Photoshop Album or Photoshop Elements from the
pop-up menu.
Note: Some versions of Photoshop Album and Photoshop Elements don’t support
collections. You can still use them to add all your photos.42 Chapter 4 Photo Features
3 If you want to add all your photos, select “All photos and albums.” If you want to keep
your photos organized by event, select “… events” and choose an option from the popup menu. If you want to add photos from only certain albums, select “Selected albums”
and select the albums you want.
4 Click Apply.
Each time you connect iPod nano to your computer, photos are synced automatically.
To add photos from a folder on your hard disk to iPod nano:
1 Drag the images you want into a folder on your computer.
If you want images to appear in separate photo albums on iPod nano, create folders
inside the main image folder, and drag images into the new folders.
2 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Photos tab.
3 Select “Sync photos from: …”
4 Choose “Choose Folder” from the pop-up menu and select your image folder.
5 Click Apply.
When you add photos to iPod nano, iTunes optimizes the photos for viewing.
Full-resolution image files aren’t transferred by default. Adding full-resolution image
files is useful, for example if you want to move them from one computer to another,
but isn’t necessary for viewing the images at full quality on iPod nano.
To add full-resolution image files to iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Photos tab.
2 Select “Include full-resolution photos.”
3 Click Apply.
iTunes copies the full-resolution versions of the photos to the Photos folder on
iPod nano.
To delete photos from iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Photos tab.
2 Select “Sync photos from: …”
 On a Mac, choose iPhoto from the pop-up menu.
 On a Windows PC, choose Photoshop Album or Photoshop Elements from the pop-up
menu.
3 Choose “Selected albums” and deselect the albums you no longer want on iPod nano.
4 Click Apply.Chapter 4 Photo Features 43
Adding Photos from iPod nano to a Computer
If you add full-resolution photos from your computer to iPod nano using the previous
steps, they’re stored in a Photos folder on iPod nano. You can connect iPod nano to a
computer and put these photos onto the computer. iPod nano must be enabled for
disk use (see “Using iPod nano as an External Disk” on page 46).
To add photos from iPod nano to a computer:
1 Connect iPod nano to the computer.
2 Drag image files from the Photos folder or DCIM folder on iPod nano to the desktop or
to a photo editing application on the computer.
Note: You can also use a photo editing application, such as iPhoto, to add photos
stored in the Photos folder. See the documentation that came with the application for
more information.
To delete photos from the Photos folder on iPod nano:
1 Connect iPod nano to the computer.
2 Navigate to the Photos folder on iPod nano and delete the photos you no longer want.
Viewing Photos
You can view photos on iPod nano manually or as a slideshow. If you have an optional
AV cable from Apple (for example, Apple Component AV Cable), you can connect
iPod nano to a TV and view photos as a slideshow with music.
Viewing Photos on iPod nano
To view photos on iPod nano:
1 On iPod nano, choose Photos > All Photos. Or choose Photos and a photo album to see
only the photos in the album. Thumbnail views of the photos might take a moment to
appear.
2 Select the photo you want and press the Center button to view a full-screen version.44 Chapter 4 Photo Features
From any photo-viewing screen, use the Click Wheel to scroll through photos. Press the
Next/Fast-forward or Previous/Rewind button to skip to the next or previous screen of
photos. Press and hold the Next/Fast-forward or Previous/Rewind button to skip to the
last or first photo in the library or album.
Viewing Slideshows
You can view a slideshow, with music and transitions if you choose, on iPod nano. If
you have an optional AV cable from Apple, you can view the slideshow on a TV.
To set slideshow settings:
m Choose Photos > Settings, and then follow these instructions:
To set Do this
Slideshows to display on
iPod nano
Set TV Out to Ask or Off.
Slideshows to display on TV Set TV Out to Ask or On.
If you set TV Out to Ask, iPod nano gives you the option of showing
slideshows on TV or on iPod nano every time you start a slideshow.
How long each slide is shown Choose Time Per Slide and pick a time.
The music that plays during
slideshows
Choose Music and choose a playlist. If you’re using iPhoto, you can
choose From iPhoto to copy the iPhoto music setting. Only the
songs that you’ve added to iPod nano play.
Slides to repeat Set Repeat to On.
Slides to display in random
order
Set Shuffle Photos to On.
Slides to display with
transitions
Choose Transitions and choose a transition type.
Slides to show on PAL
or NTSC TVs
Set TV Signal to PAL or NTSC.
PAL and NTSC refer to TV broadcast standards. Your TV might use
either of these, depending on the region where it was purchased.
If you aren’t sure which your TV uses, check the documentation
that came with your TV.Chapter 4 Photo Features 45
To view a slideshow on iPod nano:
m Select any photo, album, or roll, and press the Play/Pause button. Or select any
full-screen photo and press the Center button. To pause, press the Play/Pause button.
To skip to the next or previous photo, press the Next/Fast-forward or Previous/Rewind
button.
To connect iPod nano to a TV:
1 Connect the optional Apple Component or Composite AV cable to iPod nano.
Note: Use the Apple Component AV Cable, Apple Composite AV Cable, or Apple AV
Connection Kit. Other similar RCA-type cables won’t work. You can purchase the cables
at www.apple.com/ipodstore.
2 Connect the video and audio connectors to the ports on your TV (for an illustration,
see page 39).
Your TV must have RCA video and audio ports.
To view a slideshow on a TV:
1 Connect iPod nano to a TV (see above).
2 Turn on your TV and set it to display from the input ports connected to iPod nano. See
the documentation that came with your TV for more information.
3 On iPod nano, select any photo or album and press the Play/Pause button. Or select
any full-screen photo and press the Center button. To pause, press the Play/Pause
button. To skip to the next or previous photo, press the Next/Fast-forward or Previous/
Rewind button.
If you selected a playlist in Photos > Settings > Music, the playlist plays automatically
when you start the slideshow. The photos display on your TV and advance
automatically according to settings in the Slideshow > Settings menu.5
46
5 Extra Features and Accessories
iPod nano can do a lot more than play songs. And you can do
a lot more with it than listen to music.
Read this chapter to find out more about the extra features of iPod nano, including
how to use it as an external disk, alarm, or sleep timer; show the time of day in other
parts of the world; display notes; and sync contacts, calendars, and to-do lists. Learn
about how to use iPod nano as a stopwatch and to lock the screen, and about the
accessories available for iPod nano.
Using iPod nano as an External Disk
You can use iPod nano as an external disk to store data files.
Note: To add music and other audio or video files to iPod nano, you must use iTunes.
For example, you won’t see songs you add using iTunes in the Mac Finder or in
Windows Explorer. Likewise, if you copy music files to iPod nano in the Mac Finder or
Windows Explorer, you won’t be able to play them on iPod nano.
To enable iPod nano as an external disk:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab.
2 In the Options section, select “Enable disk use.”
3 Click Apply.
When you use iPod nano as an external disk, the iPod nano disk icon appears on the
desktop on Mac, or as the next available drive letter in Windows Explorer on a Windows
PC.
Note: Clicking Summary and selecting “Manually manage music and videos” in the
Options section also enables iPod nano to be used as an external disk. Drag files to and
from iPod nano to copy them.
If you use iPod nano primarily as a disk, you might want to keep iTunes from opening
automatically when you connect iPod nano to your computer.Chapter 5 Extra Features and Accessories 47
To prevent iTunes from opening automatically when you connect iPod nano to your
computer:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab.
2 In the Options section, deselect “Open iTunes when this iPod is connected.”
3 Click Apply.
Using Extra Settings
You can set the date and time, clocks in different time zones, and alarm and sleep
features on iPod nano. You can use iPod nano as a stopwatch or to play games, and you
can lock the iPod nano screen.
Setting and Viewing the Date and Time
The date and time are set automatically from your computer’s clock when you connect
iPod nano, but you can change the settings.
To set date and time options:
1 Choose Settings > Date & Time.
2 Choose one or more of the following options:
Adding Clocks for Other Time Zones
To add clocks for other time zones:
1 Choose Extras > Clocks.
2 On the Clocks screen, click the Center button and choose Add.
3 Choose a region and then choose a city.
The clocks you add appear in a list. The last clock you added appears last.
To Do this
Set the date Choose Date. Use the Click Wheel to change the selected value.
Press the Center button to move to the next value.
Set the time Choose Time. Use the Click Wheel to change the selected value.
Press the Center button to move to the next value.
Specify the time zone Choose Time Zone and use the Click Wheel to select a city in
another time zone.
Specify the status of Daylight
Savings Time (DST)
Choose DST and press the Center button to turn DST on or off.
Display the time in 24-hour
format
Choose 24 Hour Clock and press the Center button to turn the
24-hour format on or off.
Display the time in the title bar Choose Time in Title and press the Center button to turn the option
on or off. 48 Chapter 5 Extra Features and Accessories
To delete a clock:
1 Choose Extras > Clocks.
1 Choose the clock.
2 Choose Delete.
Setting the Alarm
You can set an alarm for any clock on iPod nano.
To use iPod nano as an alarm clock:
1 Choose Extras > Alarms.
2 Choose Create Alarm and set one or more of the following options:
To delete an alarm:
1 Choose Extras > Alarms.
2 Choose the alarm and then choose Delete.
Setting the Sleep Timer
You can set iPod nano to turn off automatically after playing or other content for a
specific period of time.
To set the sleep timer:
1 Choose Extras > Alarms.
2 Choose Sleep Timer and choose how long you want iPod nano to play.
Using the Stopwatch
You can use the stopwatch as you exercise to track your overall time and, if you’re
running on a track, your lap times. You can play music while you use the stopwatch.
To Do this
Turn the alarm on Choose Alarm and choose On.
Set the time Choose Time. Use the Click Wheel to change the selected value.
Press the Center button to move to the next value.
Set the date Choose Date. Use the Click Wheel to change the selected value.
Press the Center button to move to the next value.
Choose a sound Choose Tones or a playlist. If you choose Tones, select Beep to hear
the alarm through the internal speaker. If you choose a playlist,
you’ll need to connect iPod nano to speakers or headphones to
hear the alarm.
Set a repeat option Choose Repeat and choose an option (for example, “weekdays”).
Name the alarm Choose Label and choose an option (for example, “Wake up”).Chapter 5 Extra Features and Accessories 49
To use the stopwatch:
1 Choose Extras > Stopwatch.
2 Press the Play/Pause button to start the timer.
3 Press the Center button to record lap times. Up to three lap times show beneath the
overall time.
4 Press the Play/Pause button to stop the overall timer, or choose Resume to start the
timer again.
5 Choose New Timer to start a new stopwatch session.
Note: After you start the stopwatch, iPod nano stays on as long as you display the
Timer screen and the timer continues to run. If you start the stopwatch and then go to
another menu, and iPod nano isn’t playing music or a video, the stopwatch timer stops
and iPod nano turns off automatically after a few minutes.
To review or delete a logged stopwatch session:
1 Choose Extras > Stopwatch.
The current log and a list of saved sessions appear.
2 Choose a log to view session information.
iPod nano stores stopwatch sessions with dates, times, and lap statistics. You see the
date and time the session started; the total time of the session; the shortest, longest,
and average lap times; and the last several lap times.
3 Press the Center button and choose Delete Log to delete the chosen log, or Clear Logs
to delete all current logs.
Playing Games
iPod nano comes with three games: iQuiz, Klondike, and Vortex.
To play a game:
m Choose Extras > Games and choose a game.
You can purchase additional games from the iTunes Store (in some countries) to play
on iPod nano. After purchasing games in iTunes, you can add them to iPod nano by
syncing them automatically or by managing them manually.
To buy a game:
1 In iTunes, select iTunes Store in the source list.
2 Choose iPod Games from the iTunes Store list.
3 Select the game you want and click Buy Game.50 Chapter 5 Extra Features and Accessories
To sync games automatically to iPod nano:
1 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Games tab.
2 Select “Sync games.”
3 Click “All games” or “Selected games.” If you click “Selected games,” also select the
games you want to sync.
4 Click Apply.
Locking the iPod nano Screen
You can set a combination to prevent iPod nano from being used by someone without
your permission. When you lock an iPod nano that isn’t connected to a computer, you
must enter a combination to unlock and use it.
Note: This is different from the Hold button in that the Hold button prevents iPod nano
buttons from being pressed accidentally. The combination prevents another person
from using iPod nano.
To set a combination for iPod nano:
1 Choose Extras > Screen Lock.
2 On the New Combination screen, enter a combination:
 Use the Click Wheel to select a number for the first position. Press the Center button
to confirm your choice and move to the next position.
 Use the same method to set the remaining numbers of the combination. You can use
the Next/Fast-forward button to move to the next position and the Previous/Rewind
button to move to the previous position. Press the Center button in the final
position.
3 On the Confirm Combination screen, enter the combination to confirm it, or press
Menu to exit without locking the screen.
When you finish, you return to the Screen Lock screen, where you can lock the screen
or reset the combination. Press the Menu button to exit without locking the screen.
To lock the iPod nano screen:
m Choose Extras > Screen Lock > Lock.
If you just finished setting your combination, Lock will already be selected on the
screen. Just press the Center button to lock iPod.
When the screen is locked, you see a picture of a lock.
Note: You might want to add the Screen Lock menu item to the main menu so that
you can quickly lock the iPod nano screen. See “Adding or Removing Items from the
Main Menu” on page 9.Chapter 5 Extra Features and Accessories 51
When you see the lock on the screen, you can unlock the iPod nano screen in two
ways:
 Press the Center button to enter the combination on iPod nano. Use the Click Wheel
to select the numbers and press the Center button to confirm them. If you enter the
wrong combination, the lock remains. Try again.
 Connect iPod nano to the primary computer you use it with, and iPod nano
automatically unlocks.
Note: If you try these methods and you still can’t unlock iPod nano, you can restore
iPod nano. See “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 61.
To change a combination you’ve already set:
1 Choose Extras > Screen Lock > Reset.
2 On the Enter Combination screen, enter the current combination.
3 On the New Combination screen, enter and confirm a new combination.
Note: If you can’t remember the current combination, the only way to clear it and enter
a new one is to restore the iPod nano software. See “Updating and Restoring iPod
Software” on page 61.
Syncing Contacts, Calendars, and To-Do Lists
iPod nano can store contacts, calendar events, and to-do lists for viewing on the go.
If you’re using Mac OS X v10.4 or later, you can use iTunes to sync the contact and
calendar information on iPod nano with Address Book and iCal. If you’re using any
version of Mac OS X earlier than 10.4, you can use iSync to sync your information.
Syncing information using iSync requires iSync 1.1 or later, and iCal 1.0.1 or later.
If you’re using Windows 2000 or Windows XP, and you use Windows Address Book or
Microsoft Outlook 2003 or later to store your contact information, you can use iTunes
to sync the address book information on iPod nano. If you use Microsoft Outlook 2003
or later to keep a calendar, you can also sync calendar information.
To sync contacts or calendar information using Mac OS X v10.4 or later:
1 Connect iPod nano to your computer.
2 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Contacts tab.
3 Do one of the following:
 To sync contacts, in the Contacts section, select “Sync Address Book contacts,” and
select an option:
 To sync all contacts automatically, select “All contacts.”
 To sync selected groups of contacts automatically, select “Selected groups” and
select the groups you want to sync.52 Chapter 5 Extra Features and Accessories
 To copy contacts’ photos to iPod nano, when available, select “Include contacts’
photos.”
When you click Apply, iTunes updates iPod nano with the Address Book contact
information you specified.
 To sync calendars, in the Calendars section, select “Sync iCal calendars,” and choose
an option:
 To sync all calendars automatically, choose “All calendars.”
 To sync selected calendars automatically, choose “Selected calendars” and select
the calendars you want to sync.
When you click Apply, iTunes updates iPod nano with the calendar information you
specified.
To sync contacts and calendars with a Mac and iSync using a version of Mac OS X
earlier than v10.4:
1 Connect iPod nano to your computer.
2 Open iSync and choose Devices > Add Device. You need to do this step only the first
time you use iSync with iPod nano.
3 Select iPod nano and click Sync Now. iSync puts information from iCal and Mac Address
Book onto iPod nano.
The next time you want to sync iPod nano, you can simply open iSync and click Sync
Now. You can also choose to have iPod nano sync automatically when you connect it.
Note: iSync syncs information from your computer with iPod nano. You can’t use iSync
to sync information from iPod nano to your computer.
To sync contacts or calendars using Windows Address Book or Microsoft Outlook for
Windows:
1 Connect iPod nano to your computer.
2 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Contacts tab.
3 Do one of the following:
 To sync contacts, in the Contacts section, select “Sync contacts from” and choose
Windows Address Book or Microsoft Outlook from the pop-up menu. Then select
which contact information you want to sync.
 To sync calendars from Microsoft Outlook, in the Calendars section, select “Sync
calendars from Microsoft Outlook.”
4 Click Apply.
You can also add contact and calendar information to iPod nano manually. iPod nano
must be enabled as an external disk (see “Using iPod nano as an External Disk” on
page 46).Chapter 5 Extra Features and Accessories 53
To add contact information manually:
1 Connect iPod nano and open your favorite email or contacts application. You can add
contacts using Palm Desktop, Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft Entourage, and Eudora,
among others.
2 Drag contacts from the application’s address book to the Contacts folder on iPod nano.
In some cases, you might need to export contacts and then drag the exported file or
files to the Contacts folder. See the documentation for your email or contacts
application.
To add appointments and other calendar events manually:
1 Export calendar events from any calendar application that uses the standard iCal
format (filenames end in .ics) or vCal format (filenames end in .vcs).
2 Drag the files to the Calendars folder on iPod nano.
Note: To add to-do lists to iPod nano manually, save them in a calendar file with a .ics
or .vcs extension.
To view contacts on iPod nano:
m Choose Extras > Contacts.
To sort contacts by first or last name:
m Choose Settings > Sort By, and press the Center button to choose First or Last.
To view calendar events:
m Choose Extras > Calendars.
To view to-do lists:
m Choose Extras > Calendars > To Do’s.
Storing and Reading Notes
You can store and read text notes on iPod nano if it’s enabled as an external disk (see
page 46).
1 Save a document in any word-processing application as a text (.txt) file.
2 Place the file in the Notes folder on iPod nano.
To view notes:
m Choose Extras > Notes.54 Chapter 5 Extra Features and Accessories
Recording Voice Memos
You can record voice memos using an optional iPod nano-compatible microphone
(available for purchase at www.apple.com/ipodstore). You can store voice memos on
iPod nano and sync them with your computer. You can set iPod nano to record at lowquality mono (22.05 kHz) to save space, or high-quality stereo (44.1 kHz) for better
sound.
Note: Voice memos cannot be longer than two hours. If you record for more than two
hours, iPod nano automatically starts a new voice memo to continue your recording.
To record a voice memo:
1 Connect a microphone to the Dock connector port on iPod nano.
2 Set Quality to Low or High.
3 To begin recording, choose Record.
4 Hold the microphone a few inches from your mouth and speak. To pause recording,
choose Pause.
5 When you finish, choose Stop and Save. Your saved recording is listed by date and time.
To play a recording:
m Choose Extras > Voice Memos and select the recording.
Note: You won’t see a Voice Memos menu item if you’ve never connected a
microphone to iPod nano.
To sync voice memos with your computer:
Voice memos are saved in a Recordings folder on iPod in the WAV file format. If you
enable iPod nano for disk use, you can drag voice memos from the folder to copy
them.
If iPod nano is set to sync songs automatically (see “Syncing Music Automatically” on
page 23) and you record voice memos, the voice memos are automatically synced to a
playlist in iTunes (and removed from iPod nano) when you connect iPod nano. You see
the new Voice Memos playlist in the source list.
Learning About iPod nano Accessories
iPod nano comes with some accessories, and many other accessories are available at
www.apple.com/ipodstore.
To purchase iPod nano accessories, go to www.apple.com/ipodstore. Chapter 5 Extra Features and Accessories 55
Available accessories include:
 iPod Radio Remote
 Nike + iPod Sport Kit
 Apple Universal Dock
 Apple Component AV Cable
 Apple Composite AV Cable
 Apple AV Connection Kit
 Apple USB Power Adapter
 iPod In-Ear Headphones
 World Travel Adapter Kit
 iPod Socks
 iPod Earphones
 Third-party accessories—such as speakers, headsets, cases, car stereo adapters,
power adapters, and more
To use the earphones:
m Plug the earphones into the Headphones port. Then place the earbuds in your ears as
shown.
WARNING: Permanent hearing loss may occur if earbuds or headphones are used at
high volume. You can adapt over time to a higher volume of sound that may sound
normal but can be damaging to your hearing. If you experience ringing in your ears or
muffled speech, stop listening and have your hearing checked. The louder the volume,
the less time is required before your hearing could be affected. Hearing experts
suggest that to protect your hearing:
 Limit the amount of time you use earbuds or headphones at high volume.
 Avoid turning up the volume to block out noisy surroundings.
 Turn the volume down if you can’t hear people speaking near you.
For information about setting a maximum volume limit on iPod, see “Setting the
Maximum Volume Limit” on page 29.
The earphones
cord is adjustable.6
56
6 Tips and Troubleshooting
Most problems with iPod nano can be solved quickly by
following the advice in this chapter.
General Suggestions
Most problems with iPod nano can be solved by resetting it. First, make sure iPod nano
is charged.
To reset iPod nano:
1 Toggle the Hold switch on and off (slide it to HOLD and then back again).
2 Press and hold the Menu and Center buttons for at least 6 seconds, until the
Apple logo appears.
If iPod nano won’t turn on or respond
 Make sure the Hold switch isn’t set to HOLD.
 The iPod nano battery might need to be recharged. Connect iPod nano to your
computer or to an Apple USB Power Adapter and let the battery recharge. Look for
the lightning bolt icon on the iPod nano screen to verify that iPod nano is receiving a
charge.
The 5 Rs: Reset, Retry, Restart, Reinstall, Restore
Remember these five basic suggestions if you have a problem with iPod nano. Try
these steps one at a time until your issue is resolved. If one of the following doesn’t
help, read on for solutions to specific problems.
 Reset iPod nano. See “General Suggestions,” below.
 Retry with a different USB port if you cannot see iPod nano in iTunes.
 Restart your computer, and make sure you have the latest software updates
installed.
 Reinstall iTunes software from the latest version on the web.
 Restore iPod nano. See “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 61.Chapter 6 Tips and Troubleshooting 57
To charge the battery, connect iPod nano to a USB 2.0 on your computer. Connecting
iPod nano to a USB port on your keyboard won’t charge the battery, unless your
keyboard has a high-powered USB 2.0 port.
 Try the 5 Rs, one by one, until iPod nano responds.
If you want to disconnect iPod nano, but you see the message “Connected” or “Sync
in Progress”
 If iPod nano is syncing music, wait for it to complete.
 Select iPod nano in the iTunes source list and click the Eject (C) button.
 If iPod nano disappears from the list of devices in the iTunes source list, but you still
see the “Connected” or “Sync in Progress” message on the iPod nano screen,
disconnect iPod nano.
 If iPod nano doesn’t disappear from the list of devices in the iTunes source list, drag
the iPod nano icon from the desktop to the Trash (if you’re using a Mac) or, if you’re
using a Windows PC, eject the device in My Computer or click the Safely Remove
Hardware icon in the system tray and select iPod nano. If you still see the
“Connected” or “Sync in Progress” message, restart your computer and eject
iPod nano again.
If iPod nano isn’t playing music
 Make sure the Hold switch isn’t set to HOLD.
 Make sure the headphone connector is pushed in all the way.
 Make sure the volume is adjusted properly. A maximum volume limit might have
been set. You can change or remove it by using Settings > Volume Limit. See “Setting
the Maximum Volume Limit” on page 29.
 iPod nano might be paused. Try pressing the Play/Pause button.
 Make sure you’re using iTunes 7.4 or later (go to www.apple.com/ipod/start). Songs
purchased from the iTunes Store using earlier versions of iTunes won’t play on
iPod nano until you upgrade iTunes.
 If you’re using the iPod Universal Dock, make sure the iPod nano is seated firmly in
the Dock and make sure all cables are connected properly.
If you connect iPod nano to your computer and nothing happens
 Make sure you have installed the latest iTunes software from
www.apple.com/ipod/start.
 Try connecting to a different USB port on your computer.
Note: A USB 2.0 port is recommended to connect iPod nano. USB 1.1 is significantly
slower than USB 2.0. If you have a Windows PC that doesn’t have a USB 2.0 port, in
some cases you can purchase and install a USB 2.0 card. For more information, go to
www.apple.com/ipod.
 iPod nano might need to be reset (see page 56). 58 Chapter 6 Tips and Troubleshooting
 If you’re connecting iPod nano to a portable or laptop computer using the iPod Dock
Connector to USB 2.0 Cable, connect the computer to a power outlet before
connecting iPod nano.
 Make sure you have the required computer and software. See “If you want to doublecheck the system requirements” on page 60.
 Check the cable connections. Unplug the cable at both ends and make sure no
foreign objects are in the USB ports. Then plug the cable back in securely. Make sure
the connectors on the cables are oriented correctly. They can be inserted only one
way.
 Try restarting your computer.
 If none of the previous suggestions solves your problems, you might need to restore
iPod nano software. See “Updating and Restoring iPod Software” on page 61.
If iPod nano displays a “Connect to Power” message
This message may appear if iPod nano is exceptionally low on power and the battery
needs to be charged before iPod nano can communicate with your computer. To
charge the battery, connect iPod nano to a USB 2.0 port on your computer.
Leave iPod nano connected to your computer until the message disappears and
iPod nano appears in iTunes or the Finder. Depending on how depleted the battery is,
you may need to charge iPod nano for up to 30 minutes before it will start up.
To charge iPod nano more quickly, use the optional Apple USB Power Adapter.
Note: Connecting iPod nano to a USB port on your keyboard won’t charge the battery,
unless your keyboard has a high-powered USB 2.0 port.
If iPod nano displays a “Use iTunes to restore” message
 Make sure you have the latest version of iTunes on your computer (download it from
www.apple.com/ipod/start).
 Connect iPod nano to your computer. When iTunes opens, follow the onscreen
prompts to restore iPod nano.
 If restoring iPod nano doesn’t solve the problem, iPod nano may need to be repaired.
You can arrange for service at the iPod Service & Support website:
www.apple.com/support/ipod
If songs or data sync more slowly over USB 2.0
 If you sync a large number of songs or amount of data using USB 2.0 and the
iPod nano battery is low, iPod nano syncs the information at a reduced speed in
order to conserve battery power.
 If you want to sync at higher speeds, you can stop syncing and keep the iPod nano
connected so that it can recharge, or connect it to the optional iPod USB 2.0 Power
Adapter. Let iPod nano charge for about an hour, and then resume syncing your
music or data.Chapter 6 Tips and Troubleshooting 59
If you can’t add a song or other item to iPod nano
The song may have been encoded in a format that iPod nano doesn’t support. The
following audio file formats are supported by iPod nano. These include formats for
audiobooks and podcasting:
 AAC (M4A, M4B, M4P, up to 320 Kbps)
 Apple Lossless (a high-quality compressed format)
 MP3 (up to 320 Kbps)
 MP3 Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
 WAV
 AA (audible.com spoken word, formats 2, 3, and 4)
 AIFF
A song encoded using Apple Lossless format has full CD-quality sound, but takes up
only about half as much space as a song encoded using AIFF or WAV format. The same
song encoded in AAC or MP3 format takes up even less space. When you import music
from a CD using iTunes, it’s converted to AAC format by default.
Using iTunes for Windows, you can convert nonprotected WMA files to AAC or MP3
format. This can be useful if you have a library of music encoded in WMA format.
iPod nano doesn’t support WMA, MPEG Layer 1, MPEG Layer 2 audio files, or
audible.com format 1.
If you have a song in iTunes that isn’t supported by iPod nano, you can convert it to a
format iPod nano supports. For more information, see iTunes Help.
If you accidentally set iPod nano to use a language you don’t understand
You can reset the language.
1 Press and hold Menu until the main menu appears.
2 Choose the sixth menu item (Settings).
3 Choose the last menu item (Reset Settings).
4 Choose the left item (Reset) and select a language.
Other iPod nano settings, such as song repeat, are also reset.
Note: If you added or removed items from the iPod nano main menu (see “Adding or
Removing Items from the Main Menu” on page 9) the Settings menu item may be in a
different place. If you can’t find the Reset Settings menu item, you can restore
iPod nano to its original state and choose a language you understand. See “Updating
and Restoring iPod Software” on page 61.
If you can’t see videos or photos on your TV
 You must use RCA-type cables made specifically for iPod nano, such as the Apple
Component or Apple Composite AV cables, to connect iPod nano to your TV. Other
similar RCA-type cables won’t work.60 Chapter 6 Tips and Troubleshooting
 Make sure your TV is set to display images from the correct input source (see the
documentation that came with your TV for more information).
 Make sure all cables are connected correctly (see “Watching Videos on a TV
Connected to iPod nano” on page 38).
 Make sure the yellow end of the Apple Composite AV Cable is connected to the
video port on your TV.
 If you’re trying to watch a video, go to Videos > Settings and set TV Out to On, and
then try again. If you’re trying to view a slideshow, go to Photos > Slideshow Settings
and set TV Out to On, and then try again.
 If that doesn’t work, go to Videos > Settings (for video) or Photos > Settings (for a
slideshow) and set TV Signal to PAL or NTSC, depending on which type of TV you
have. Try both settings.
If you want to double-check the system requirements
To use iPod nano, you must have:
 One of the following computer configurations:
 A Mac with a USB 2.0 port
 A Windows PC with a USB 2.0 or a USB 2.0 card installed
 One of the following operating systems:
 Mac OS X v10.4.9 or later
 Windows Vista
 Windows XP Home or Professional with Service Pack 2 or later
 iTunes 7.6 or later (iTunes can be downloaded from www.apple.com/ipod/start)
If your Windows PC doesn’t have a USB 2.0 port, you can purchase and install a USB 2.0
card. For more information on cables and compatible USB cards, go to
www.apple.com/ipod.
On the Mac, iPhoto 4.0.3 or later is recommended for adding photos and albums to
iPod nano. This software is optional. iPhoto might already be installed on your Mac.
Check the Applications folder. If you have iPhoto 4 you can update it by choosing
Apple () > Software Update.
On a Windows PC, iPod nano can sync photo collections automatically from Adobe
Photoshop Album 2.0 or later, and Adobe Photoshop Elements 3.0 or later, available at
www.adobe.com. This software is optional.
On both Mac and Windows PC, iPod nano can sync digital photos from folders on your
computer’s hard disk.Chapter 6 Tips and Troubleshooting 61
If you want to use iPod nano with a Mac and a Windows PC
If you’re using iPod nano with a Mac and you want to use it with a Windows PC, you
must restore the iPod software for use with the PC (see “Updating and Restoring iPod
Software” on page 61). Restoring the iPod software erases all data from iPod nano,
including all songs.
You cannot switch from using iPod nano with a Mac to using it with a Windows PC
without erasing all data on iPod nano.
If you lock the iPod nano screen and can’t unlock it
Normally, if you can connect iPod nano to the computer it’s authorized to work with,
iPod nano automatically unlocks. If the computer authorized to work with iPod nano is
unavailable, you can connect iPod nano to another computer and use iTunes to restore
iPod software. See the next section for more information.
If you want to change the screen lock combination and you can’t remember the
current combination, you must restore the iPod software and then set a new
combination.
Updating and Restoring iPod Software
You can use iTunes to update or restore iPod software. It’s recommended that you
update iPod nano to use the latest software. You can also restore the software, which
puts iPod nano back to its original state.
 If you choose to update, the software is updated, but your settings and songs aren’t
affected.
 If you choose to restore, all data is erased from iPod nano, including songs, videos,
files, contacts, photos, calendar information, and any other data. All iPod nano
settings are restored to their original state.
To update or restore iPod nano:
1 Make sure you have an Internet connection and have installed the latest version of
iTunes from www.apple.com/ipod/start.
2 Connect iPod nano to your computer.
3 In iTunes, select iPod nano in the source list and click the Summary tab.
The Version section tells you whether iPod nano is up to date or needs a newer version
of the software.
4 Click Update to install the latest version of the software.
5 If necessary, click Restore to restore iPod nano to its original settings (this erases all data
from iPod nano). Follow the onscreen instructions to complete the restore process.7
62
7 Safety and Cleaning
Read the following important safety and handling
information for Apple iPods.
Keep the iPod Safety Guide and the features guide for your iPod handy for future
reference.
Important Safety Information
Handling iPod Do not bend, drop, crush, puncture, incinerate, or open iPod.
Avoiding water and wet locations Do not use iPod in rain, or near washbasins or other
wet locations. Take care not to spill any food or liquid into iPod. In case iPod gets wet,
unplug all cables, turn iPod off, and slide the Hold switch (if available) to HOLD before
cleaning, and allow it to dry thoroughly before turning it on again.
Repairing iPod Never attempt to repair iPod yourself. iPod does not contain any userserviceable parts. For service information, choose iPod Help from the Help menu in
iTunes or go to www.apple.com/support/ipod. The rechargeable battery in iPod should
be replaced only by an Apple Authorized Service Provider. For more information about
batteries, go to www.apple.com/batteries.
± Read all safety information below and operating instructions before using
iPod to avoid injury.
WARNING: Failure to follow these safety instructions could result in fire, electric shock,
or other injury or damage.Chapter 7 Safety and Cleaning 63
Using the Apple USB Power Adapter (available separately) If you use the Apple USB
Power Adapter (sold separately at www.apple.com/ipodstore) to charge iPod, make
sure that the power adapter is fully assembled before you plug it into a power outlet.
Then insert the Apple USB Power Adapter firmly into the power outlet. Do not connect
or disconnect the Apple USB Power Adapter with wet hands. Do not use any power
adapter other than an Apple iPod power adapter to charge your iPod.
The iPod USB Power Adapter may become warm during normal use. Always allow
adequate ventilation around the iPod USB Power Adapter and use care when handling.
Unplug the iPod USB Power Adapter if any of the following conditions exist:
 The power cord or plug has become frayed or damaged.
 The adapter is exposed to rain, liquids, or excessive moisture.
 The adapter case has become damaged.
 You suspect the adapter needs service or repair.
 You want to clean the adapter.
Avoiding hearing damage Permanent hearing loss may occur if earbuds or
headphones are used at high volume. Set the volume to a safe level. You can adapt
over time to a higher volume of sound that may sound normal but can be damaging to
your hearing. If you experience ringing in your ears or muffled speech, stop listening
and have your hearing checked. The louder the volume, the less time is required before
your hearing could be affected. Hearing experts suggest that to protect your hearing:
 Limit the amount of time you use earbuds or headphones at high volume.
 Avoid turning up the volume to block out noisy surroundings.
 Turn the volume down if you can’t hear people speaking near you.
For information about how to set a maximum volume limit on iPod, see “Setting the
Maximum Volume Limit” on page 29.
Using headphones safely Use of headphones while operating a vehicle is not
recommended and is illegal in some areas. Be careful and attentive while driving. Stop
using iPod if you find it disruptive or distracting while operating any type of vehicle or
performing any other activity that requires your full attention.
Avoiding seizures, blackouts, and eye strain If you have experienced seizures or
blackouts, or if you have a family history of such occurrences, please consult a
physician before playing video games on iPod (if available). Discontinue use and
consult a physician if you experience: convulsion, eye or muscle twitching, loss of
awareness, involuntary movements, or disorientation. When watching videos or playing
games on iPod (if available), avoid prolonged use and take breaks to prevent eye strain.64 Chapter 7 Safety and Cleaning
Important Handling Information
Carrying iPod iPod contains sensitive components, including, in some cases, a hard
drive. Do not bend, drop, or crush iPod. If you are concerned about scratching iPod,
you can use one of the many cases sold separately.
Using connectors and ports Never force a connector into a port. Check for
obstructions on the port. If the connector and port don’t join with reasonable ease,
they probably don’t match. Make sure that the connector matches the port and that
you have positioned the connector correctly in relation to the port.
Keeping iPod within acceptable temperatures Operate iPod in a place where the
temperature is always between 0º and 35º C (32º to 95º F). iPod play time might
temporarily shorten in low-temperature conditions.
Store iPod in a place where the temperature is always between -20º and 45º C
(-4º to 113º F). Don’t leave iPod in your car, because temperatures in parked cars can
exceed this range.
When you’re using iPod or charging the battery, it is normal for iPod to get warm. The
exterior of iPod functions as a cooling surface that transfers heat from inside the unit to
the cooler air outside.
Keeping the outside of iPod clean To clean iPod, unplug all cables, turn iPod off, and
slide the Hold switch (if available) to HOLD. Then use a soft, slightly damp, lint-free
cloth. Avoid getting moisture in openings. Don’t use window cleaners, household
cleaners, aerosol sprays, solvents, alcohol, ammonia, or abrasives to clean iPod.
Disposing of iPod properly For information about the proper disposal of iPod,
including other important regulatory compliance information, see “Regulatory
Compliance Information” on page 66.
NOTICE: Failure to follow these handling instructions could result in damage to iPod
or other property.8
65
8 Learning More, Service,
and Support
You can find more information about using iPod nano in
onscreen help and on the web.
The following table describes where to get more iPod-related software and service
information.
To learn about Do this
Service and support,
discussions, tutorials, and
Apple software downloads
Go to: www.apple.com/support/ipodnano
Using iTunes Open iTunes and choose Help > iTunes Help.
For an online iTunes tutorial (available in some areas only), go to:
www.apple.com/support/itunes
Using iPhoto (on Mac OS X) Open iPhoto and choose Help > iPhoto Help.
Using iSync (on Mac OS X) Open iSync and choose Help > iSync Help.
Using iCal (on Mac OS X) Open iCal and choose Help > iCal Help.
The latest information on
iPod nano
Go to: www.apple.com/ipodnano
Registering iPod nano To register iPod nano, install iTunes on your computer and connect
iPod nano.
Finding the iPod nano serial
number
Look at the back of iPod nano or choose Settings > About and
press the Center button. In iTunes (with iPod nano connected to
your computer), select iPod nano in the source list and click the
Settings tab.
Obtaining warranty service First follow the advice in this booklet, the onscreen help, and
online resources. Then go to: www.apple.com/support/ipodnano/
service66
Regulatory Compliance Information
FCC Compliance Statement
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC rules.
Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
(1) This device may not cause harmful interference,
and (2) this device must accept any interference
received, including interference that may cause
undesired operation. See instructions if interference
to radio or TV reception is suspected.
Radio and TV Interference
This computer equipment generates, uses, and can
radiate radio-frequency energy. If it is not installed
and used properly—that is, in strict accordance with
Apple’s instructions—it may cause interference with
radio and TV reception.
This equipment has been tested and found to
comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in
accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC
rules. These specifications are designed to provide
reasonable protection against such interference in a
residential installation. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a
particular installation.
You can determine whether your computer system is
causing interference by turning it off. If the
interference stops, it was probably caused by the
computer or one of the peripheral devices.
If your computer system does cause interference to
radio or TV reception, try to correct the interference
by using one or more of the following measures:
 Turn the TV or radio antenna until the interference
stops.
 Move the computer to one side or the other of the
TV or radio.
 Move the computer farther away from the TV or
radio.
 Plug the computer in to an outlet that is on a
different circuit from the TV or radio. (That is, make
certain the computer and the TV or radio are on
circuits controlled by different circuit breakers or
fuses.)
If necessary, consult an Apple Authorized Service
Provider or Apple. See the service and support
information that came with your Apple product. Or,
consult an experienced radio/TV technician for
additional suggestions.
Important: Changes or modifications to this product
not authorized by Apple Inc. could void the EMC
compliance and negate your authority to operate
the product.
This product was tested for EMC compliance under
conditions that included the use of Apple peripheral
devices and Apple shielded cables and connectors
between system components.
It is important that you use Apple peripheral devices
and shielded cables and connectors between system
components to reduce the possibility of causing
interference to radios, TV sets, and other electronic
devices. You can obtain Apple peripheral devices and
the proper shielded cables and connectors through
an Apple Authorized Reseller. For non-Apple
peripheral devices, contact the manufacturer or
dealer for assistance.
Responsible party (contact for FCC matters only):
Apple Inc. Product Compliance, 1 Infinite Loop
M/S 26-A, Cupertino, CA 95014-2084, 408-974-2000.
Industry Canada Statement
This Class B device meets all requirements of the
Canadian interference-causing equipment
regulations.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B respecte
toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel
brouilleur du Canada.
VCCI Class B Statement
Korea Class B Statement
( ૺૺဧ ઠધබ 67
Russia
European Community
Disposal and Recycling Information
Your iPod must be disposed of properly according to
local laws and regulations. Because this product
contains a battery, the product must be disposed of
separately from household waste. When your iPod
reaches its end of life, contact Apple or your local
authorities to learn about recycling options.
For information about Apple’s recycling program,
go to: www.apple.com/environment/recycling
Deutschland: Dieses Gerät enthält Batterien. Bitte
nicht in den Hausmüll werfen. Entsorgen Sie dieses
Gerätes am Ende seines Lebenszyklus entsprechend
der maßgeblichen gesetzlichen Regelungen.
Nederlands: Gebruikte batterijen kunnen worden
ingeleverd bij de chemokar of in een speciale
batterijcontainer voor klein chemisch afval (kca)
worden gedeponeerd.
China:
Taiwan:
European Union—Disposal Information:
This symbol means that according to local laws and
regulations your product should be disposed of
separately from household waste. When this product
reaches its end of life, take it to a collection point
designated by local authorities. Some collection
points accept products for free. The separate
collection and recycling of your product at the time
of disposal will help conserve natural resources and
ensure that it is recycled in a manner that protects
human health and the environment.
Apple and the Environment
At Apple, we recognize our responsibility to
minimize the environmental impacts of our
operations and products.
For more information, go to:
www.apple.com/environment
© 2008 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Apple, the Apple logo, FireWire,
iCal, iLife, iPhoto, iPod, iPod Socks, iTunes, Mac, Macintosh, and Mac OS
are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.
Finder, the FireWire logo, and Shuffle are trademarks of Apple Inc.
iTunes Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. NIKE is a trademark of NIKE,
Inc. and its affiliates and is used under license. Other company and
product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their
respective companies.
Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and
constitutes neither an endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple
assumes no responsibility with regard to the performance or use of
these products. All understandings, agreements, or warranties, if any,
take place directly between the vendors and the prospective users.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this
manual is accurate. Apple is not responsible for printing or clerical
errors.
The product described in this manual incorporates copyright
protection technology that is protected by method claims of certain
U.S. patents and other intellectual property rights owned by
Macrovision Corporation and other rights owners. Use of this
copyright protection technology must be authorized by Macrovision
Corporation and is intended for home and other limited viewing uses
only unless otherwise authorized by Macrovision Corporation. Reverse
engineering or disassembly is prohibited.
Apparatus Claims of U.S. Patent Nos. 4,631,603, 4,577,216, 4,819,098 and
4,907,093 licensed for limited viewing uses only.
019-1149/01-2008Index
68
Index
A
accessories for iPod 54
adding album artwork 21
adding menu items 9, 27
adding music
disconnecting iPod 12
from more than one computer 23, 35
manually 24
methods 22
On-The-Go playlists 28
tutorial 65
adding photos
about 40
all or selected photos 41, 42
automatically 41
from computer to iPod 41
from iPod to computer 43
full-resolution image 42
address book, syncing 51
Adobe Photoshop Album 60
Adobe Photoshop Elements 60
alarms
deleting 48
setting 48
album artwork
adding 21
viewing 31
albums, purchasing 19
audiobooks
purchasing 19
setting play speed 32
AV cables 38, 39, 45
B
backlight
setting timer 9
turning on 6, 9
battery
charge states when disconnected 16
charging 14
rechargeable 16
replacing 16
very low 15, 58
viewing charge status 14
brightness setting 10
browsing
iTunes Store 19
podcasts 19
quickly 7
songs 6, 26
videos 6, 19
with Cover Flow 7
buttons
Center 5
disabling with Hold switch 6
Eject 13
buying. See purchasing
C
calendar events, syncing 51
Center button, using 5, 26
Charging, Please Wait message 15, 58
charging the battery
about 14
using the iPod USB Power Adapter 15
using your computer 14
when battery very low 15, 58
cleaning iPod 64
Click Wheel
browsing songs 26
turning off the Click Wheel sound 8
using 5
clocks
adding for other time zones 47
settings 47
close captions 38
compilations 27
component AV cable 38, 39, 45
composite AV cable 38, 39, 45
computer
adding photos to iPod 41
charging the battery 14
connecting iPod 10
getting photos from iPod 43
importing photos from camera 40Index 69
problems connecting iPod 57
requirements 60
connecting iPod
about 10
charging the battery 14
to a TV 39, 45
Connect to Power message 15
contacts
sorting 53
syncing 51
controls
disabling with Hold switch 8
using 5
converting unprotected WMA files 59
converting videos for use with iPod 34
Cover Flow 7
customizing the Music menu 27
D
data files, storing on iPod 46
date and time
setting 47
viewing 47
determining battery charge 16
diamond icon on scrubber bar 6
digital photos. See photos
disconnecting iPod
about 10
during music update 12
ejecting first 12
instructions 13
troubleshooting 57
disk, using iPod as 46
displaying time in title bar 47
downloading
podcasts 19
video podcasts 34
See also adding; syncing
E
Eject button 13
ejecting before disconnecting 12
external disk, using iPod as 46
F
fast-forwarding a song or video 6
features of iPod 4
file formats, supported 59
finding your iPod serial number 6
fit video to screen 38
full-resolution images 42
G
games 49
getting help 65
getting information about your iPod 10
getting started with iPod 60
H
handling information 62
hearing loss warning 55
help, getting 65
Hold switch 6, 8
I
iCal, getting help 65
Image Capture, importing photos to a Mac 41
images. See photos
importing contacts, calendars, and to-do lists. See
syncing
importing photos
from camera to computer 40
See also adding photos
importing videos 34
iPhoto
getting help 40, 65
importing photos from camera 40
recommended version 60
iPod Dock 10
iPod Dock Connector 10
iPod Updater application 61
iPod USB power adapter 14
iSync, getting help 65
iTunes
ejecting iPod 13
getting help 65
setting not to open automatically 46
Sound Check 30
Store 19
iTunes Library, adding songs 20
iTunes Store
browsing 19
browsing videos 34
searching 19
signing in 18, 33
L
language
resetting 59
specifying 10
letterbox 38
library, adding songs 20
lightning bolt on battery icon 14
locating your iPod serial number 6
locking iPod screen 50
lyrics
adding 21
viewing on iPod 3070 Index
M
Mac OS X operating system 60
main menu
adding or removing items 9
opening 5
settings 9, 27
main menu, returning to 6
managing iPod manually 24
manually adding 24
maximum volume limit, setting 29
memos, recording 54
menu items
adding or removing 9, 27
choosing 6
returning to main menu 6
returning to previous menu 6
modifying playlists 24
movies
syncing 37
syncing selected 36
See also videos
music
iPod not playing 57
purchasing 19
rating 28
setting for slideshows 44
tutorial 65
See also adding music; songs
Music menu, customizing 27
music videos
syncing 24
See also videos
N
navigating quickly 7
notes, storing and reading 53
Now Playing screen
moving to any point in a song or video 6
scrubber bar 6
shuffling songs or albums 27
NTSC TV 38, 44
O
On-The-Go playlists
copying to computer 28
making 27
rating songs 28
saving 28
operating system requirements 60
overview of iPod features 4
P
PAL TV 38, 44
pausing
a song 6
a video 6
phone numbers, syncing 51
photo collections, adding automatically 41
photo library 41
photos
adding and viewing 40
deleting 42, 43
full-resolution 42
importing to Windows PC 41
importing using Image Capture 41
syncing 41, 42
viewing on iPod 43
playing
games 49
songs 6
videos 6
playlists
adding songs 6, 24
making on iPod 27
modifying 24
On-The-Go 27
setting for slideshows 45
plug on battery icon 14
podcasting 31
podcasts
browsing 19
downloading 19
downloading video podcasts 34
listening 31
subscribing 19
updating 25
ports
RCA video and audio 39, 45
USB 60
power adapter safety 63
Power Search in iTunes Store 19
previous menu, returning to 6
problems. See troubleshooting
purchasing songs, albums, audiobooks 19
purchasing videos 34
Q
quick navigation 7
R
radio accessory 32
random play 6
rating songs 28
RCA video and audio ports 39, 45
rechargeable batteries 16
recording voice memos 54
registering iPod 65
relative volume, playing songs at 30
removing menu items 9, 27
repairing iPod 62Index 71
replacing battery 16
replaying a song or video 6
requirements
computer 60
operating system 60
reset all settings 10
resetting iPod 6, 56
resetting the language 59
restore message 58
restoring iPod software 61
rewinding a song or video 6
S
Safely Remove Hardware icon 13
safety considerations
setting up iPod 62
safety information 62
saving On-The-Go playlists 28
screen lock 50
scrolling quickly 7
scrubber bar 6
searching
iPod 7
iTunes Store 19
Select button. See Center button
serial number 6, 10
serial number, locating 65
service and support 65
sets of songs. See playlists
setting combination for iPod 50
settings
about your iPod 10
alarm 48
audiobook play speed 32
backlight timer 9
brightness 10
Click Wheel sound 8
date and time 47
language 10
main menu 9, 27
PAL or NTSC TV 38, 44
playing songs at relative volume 30
repeating songs 27
reset all 10
shuffle songs 27
sleep timer 48
slideshow 44
TV 38
volume limit 29
shuffling songs on iPod 6, 27
sleep mode and charging the battery 14
sleep timer, setting 48
slideshows
background music 44
random order 44
setting playlist 45
settings 44
viewing on iPod 45
software
getting help 65
iPhoto 60
iPod Updater 61
support versions 60
updating 61
songs
adding to On-The-Go playlists 6
browsing 6
browsing and playing 26
entering names 21
fast-forwarding 6
pausing 6
playing 6
playing at relative volume 30
purchasing 19
rating 28
repeating 27
replaying 6
rewinding 6
shuffling 6, 27
skipping ahead 6
viewing lyrics 21
See also music
sorting contacts 53
Sound Check 30
standard TV 38
stopwatch 48, 49
storing
data files on iPod 46
notes on iPod 53
subscribing to podcasts 19
supported operating systems 60
suppressing iTunes from opening 46
syncing
address book 51
movies 37
music 22
music videos 24
photos 41, 42
selected movies 36
selected videos 36
to-do lists 51
TV shows 37
videos 35
See also adding
T
third-party accessories 55
time, displaying in title bar 47
timer, setting for backlight 9
time zones, clocks for 4772 Index
title bar, displaying time 47
to-do lists, syncing 51
transitions for slides 44
troubleshooting
connecting iPod to computer 57
cross-platform use 61
disconnecting iPod 57
iPod not playing music 57
iPod won’t respond 56
resetting iPod 56
restore message 58
safety considerations 62
setting incorrect language 59
slow syncing of music or data 58
software update and restore 61
TV slideshows 59
unlocking iPod screen 61
turning iPod on and off 6
tutorial 65
TV
connecting to iPod 39, 45
PAL or NTSC 38, 44
settings 38
viewing slideshows 39, 45
TV shows
syncing 37
See also videos
U
unlocking iPod screen 51, 61
unresponsive iPod 56
unsupported audio file formats 59
updating and restoring software 61
USB 2.0 port
recommendation 60
slow syncing of music or data 58
USB port on keyboard 11, 57
Use iTunes to restore message in display 58
V
video captions 38
video podcasts
downloading 33, 34
viewing on a TV 38
videos
adding to iPod 35
browsing 6
browsing in iTunes Store 19, 34
converting 34
fast-forwarding 6
importing into iTunes 34
pausing 6
playing 6
purchasing 33, 34
replaying 6
rewinding 6
skipping ahead 6
syncing 35
viewing on a TV 38
viewing on iPod 38
viewing album artwork 31
viewing lyrics 30
viewing music videos 38
viewing photos 43
viewing slideshows
on a TV 39, 45
on iPod 45
settings 44
troubleshooting 59
voice memos
recording 54
syncing with your computer 54
volume
changing 6
setting maximum limit 29
W
warranty service 65
widescreen TV 38
Windows
importing photos 41
supported operating systems 60
troubleshooting 61
WMA files, converting 59
iTunes Video and Audio Asset Guide
5.0
Contents
Overview 4
Introduction 4
Changes Made in this Release 4
What’s New in the iTunes Video and Audio Asset Guide 5.0? 4
Music Audio Content Profiles 6
Music Audio Source Profile 6
Pre-Cut Ringtone Source Profile 6
Music Album Cover Art Profile 7
Music Digital Booklet Profile 7
Content Considerations 8
Music Video Content Profiles 9
Music Video SD Source Profile 9
NTSC 9
PAL 10
Music Video HD Source Profile 10
Music Video Audio Source Profile 11
Music Video Audio/Video Container 11
Music Video Screen Capture Image Profile 12
Television Content Profiles 13
HD TV Source Profile 13
SD TV Source Profile 14
NTSC 14
PAL 14
TV Audio Source Profile 15
MPEG-2 Program Stream Container 15
QuickTime Container 16
TV Audio/Video Container 16
MPEG-2 Program Stream Container 16
QuickTime Container 16
TV Closed Captioning Profile 17
TV Cover Art Profile 18
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2TV Content Considerations 19
Film Content Profiles 20
Film HD Source Profile 20
Film SD Source Profile 20
NTSC 20
PAL 21
Film Audio Source Profile 21
Film Audio/Video and Alt-Audio Container 22
Film Closed Captioning Profile 23
Film iTunes Timed Text Profile 23
Film Dub Card Video Profile 24
Dub Card Video Profile 24
Film Chapter Image Profile 25
Film Poster Art Profile 25
Film Content Considerations 26
XML 27
Revision History 28
Previous Spec Revisions 28
Audio Channel Assignments 30
How to Apply Audio Channel Assignments 30
Table 1: Audio Channel Assignment Labels 36
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
3
ContentsThis document provides detailed delivery information for all accepted media and files for the iTunes Store,
including music, music video, television, and movies. If further details are required, contact your iTunes Technical
Representative.
Introduction
Quality is important to us at iTunes. We expect to receive the highest-quality assets available. Our product
must meet or exceed the quality of the physical product already out in the marketplace. For example, if 5.1
surround sound or closed captions exist on the physical version of the product, those must be provided. If the
physical product gives the chapters actual names (as opposed to Chapter 1, Chapter 2, and so on), then our
product should have those same chapter titles. If the album is in stereo, stereo audio must be provided.
Changes Made in this Release
Date/Version Changes Made
Album cover art and poster art requirements have changed. Removed
TIFF from the list of recommended image formats and removed DPI
requirements. Added delivery requirements for dub card video. 96Khz
audio is now supported.
May 30, 2012 - Version 5.0
For a complete history of changes, see “Previous Spec Revisions” (page 28).
What’s New in the iTunes Video and Audio Asset Guide 5.0?
Music: Album Cover Art
Album cover art must be at least 1400 x 1400 pixels (2400 x 2400 pixels recommended for best results) with
a 1:1 aspect ratio. The file must be a high-quality JPEG with .jpg extension or PNG with .png extension. Do
not increase the size of a smaller image to meet the minimum size standard. Excessively blurry or pixelated
images will be rejected.
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
4
Overviewdummy tet to make page break Music: Audio Source Profile
The iTunes Store accepts audio with a sampling rate of 96Khz and 24-bit resolution for album tracks and
ringtones.
TV: Cover Art
TV cover art must be at least 1400 x 1400 pixels (2400 x 2400 pixels recommended for best results) with a 1:1
aspect ratio. The file must be a high-quality JPEG with .jpg extension or PNG with .png extension. Do not
increase the size of a smaller image to meet the minimum size standard. Excessively blurry or pixelated images
will be rejected.
Film: Poster Art
Poster art must be at least 1400 x 2100 pixels with a 2:3 aspect ratio. The file must be a high-quality JPEG with
.jpg extension or PNG with .png extension. Don't increase the size of a smaller image to meet the minimum
size standard. Excessively blurry or pixelated images will be rejected.
Film: Dub Card Video
Added delivery requirements for dub card video files. See “Film Dub Card Video Profile” (page 24).
Overview
Changes Made in this Release
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
5Music Audio Source Profile
The iTunes Store accepts audio with a sampling rate of 44.1Khz and 16-bit or 24-bit resolution and 96Khz with
24-bit resolution. Note that the audio source must be stereo unless it does not exist.
Uncompressed audio formats supported are:
Format Container Type Qualified CODEC
Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) WAV (.wav)
QuickTime http://www.apple.com/quicktime
iTunes http://www.apple.com/itunes
Apple Lossless (ALAC) M4A (.m4a)
CAF (.caf) iTunes Producer
Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) FLAC (.flac) FLAC http://flac.sourceforge.net
All other audio formats will be rejected.
Important All audio must be generated using a CODEC qualified and approved by Apple.
Pre-Cut Ringtone Source Profile
The iTunes Store accepts pre-cut ringtones with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz and 16-bit or 24-bit resolution and
96Khz with 24-bit resolution. Note that the audio source must be stereo unless it does not exist. The audio file
must be lossless and be one of these formats: WAV, FLAC, ALAC. The minimum length is 5 seconds and the
maximum length is 30 seconds.
See the table above for the uncompressed audio formats that are supported. All other audio formats will be
rejected.
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
6
Music Audio Content ProfilesImportant All audio must be generated using a CODEC qualified and approved by Apple.
Music Album Cover Art Profile
●
JPEG with .jpg extension (quality unconstrained) or PNG with .png extension
● Color space: RGB (screen standard)
● Minimum size of 1400 x 1400 pixels. 2400 x 2400 pixels recommended for best results.
●
Images must be square
● File formats: JPEG or PNG (100% quality)
● 1:1 aspect ratio
Do not increase the size of a smaller image to meet the minimum size standard. Excessively blurry or pixelated
images will be rejected.
Important CMYK (print standard) images will not be accepted.
Music Digital Booklet Profile
● PDF format with .pdf extension
● Four-page minimum
● No more than 10 MB in size
● All fonts embedded
● 11 in x 8.264 in (28 cm x 21 cm)
● RGB color
● Horizontal presentation
● All images full-bleed as shown in sample pages
Important These booklets are expressly designed for the iTunes Store format, and cannot be reproductions
of the liner notes with borders to increase their size.
Music Audio Content Profiles
Music Album Cover Art Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
7Content Considerations
● When saving as PDF, make sure the document opens full screen with no negative space surrounding the
document.
●
If the digital booklet is many pages, consider using fewer images or optimizing images to achieve lower
overall file size.
● Printer’s marks are not allowed.
● You cannot sell or advertise other products or services. No other promotional sites are allowed.
● No links to anything outside of the booklet, except to the artist and/or label website(s).
● No time-sensitive information (for example, a promotion or dates for an upcoming tour or concert).
Music Audio Content Profiles
Music Digital Booklet Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
8Note Chaptering is not supported for music videos.
Music Video SD Source Profile
NTSC
● MPEG-2 Program Stream Main Profile
● 4:2:0 chroma sampling
●
ITU-R BT.601 color space
● 15 Mbps minimum
● Long GOP
● 640 fixed horizontal dimension
● Variable size vertical dimension depending on aspect ratio of source, maximum size of 480
● Square pixel aspect ratio (1:1)
● Native frame rate of original source:
● 29.97 interlaced frames per second video source can be delivered either interlaced or de-interlaced
properly tagged as progressive
● 24 frames per second must be delivered progressive
● 23.976 frames per second for inverse telecine must be delivered progressive; must not be delivered
interlaced or delivery will fail
● Field dominance must be properly tagged (top field first, bottom field first, or progressive)
● Telecine materials will not be accepted
● For mixed frame rate material please contact your iTunes Technical Representative
●
Interlaced content must be tagged non-progressive and field ordering must be defined in the stream.
● Crop inactive pixels and maintain fields. All edges must have active pixels for greater than 90% of the
duration of the video.
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
9
Music Video Content ProfilesPAL
● MPEG-2 Program Stream Main Profile
● 4:2:0 chroma sampling
●
ITU-R BT.601 color space
● 15 Mbps minimum
● Long GOP
● 640 fixed horizontal dimension
● Variable size vertical dimension depending on aspect ratio of source, maximum size of 480
● Square pixel aspect ratio (1:1)
● Native frame rate of original source:
● 25 interlaced frames per second sourced from video must be delivered de-interlaced and properly
tagged as progressive
● 24 and 25 frames per second sourced from film must be delivered progressive
● 23.976 frames per second for inverse telecine must be delivered progressive; must not be delivered
interlaced or delivery will fail
● Field dominance must be properly tagged (top field first, bottom field first, or progressive)
● Telecine or interlaced materials will not be accepted
● For mixed frame rate material please contact your iTunes Technical Representative
● Crop inactive pixels. All edges must have active pixels for greater than 90% of the duration of the video.
Important All video must begin and end with at least one black frame.
Music Video HD Source Profile
● Apple ProRes 422 (HQ)
● VBR expected at ~220 Mbps
● 1920 x 1080 square pixel aspect ratio material
● Native frame rate of original source:
● 29.97 interlaced frames per second for video sourced
● 24 or 25 progressive frames per second for film sourced
● 23.976 progressive frames for inverse telecine sourced from film
Music Video Content Profiles
Music Video HD Source Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
10● Telecine materials will not be accepted
● HD source may be delivered matted: letterbox, pillarbox, or windowbox.
● The HD source may be delivered in its full-frame state with metadata included to specify the crop
rectangle. See “Music Video Single” in the iTunes Package Music Specification for details.
●
If the HD source file is not delivered matted or if there are no inactive pixels, we recommend setting
all crop dimension attributes to '0' (zero).
Important All video must begin and end with at least one black frame.
Music Video Audio Source Profile
If 5.1 Surround is available for a music video audio source, the audio should be delivered in 5.1 Surround in
addition to providing a stereo version; otherwise the audio may be delivered in Stereo only.
Surround
● LPCM in either Big Endian or Little Endian, 16-bit or 24-bit, at least 48kHz
● Expected channels: L, R, C, LFE, Ls, Rs
Stereo
● MPEG-1 layer II stereo
● 384 kpbs
● 48Khz
●
Included in the same file as the delivered video
Music Video Audio/Video Container
● Deliver all content in an MPEG-2 Program Stream file container
● The .mpg file extension is expected for all MPEG-2 content
● Audio must be delivered muxed with the video stream
Music Video Content Profiles
Music Video Audio Source Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
11Note Closed-captioning is currently not supported for music videos.
Music Video Screen Capture Image Profile
● Screen capture from delivered video
●
JPEG with .jpg extension (quality unconstrained) or PNG with .png extension
● RGB (screen standard)
● Minimum dimensions: Must be 640 x 100 pixels.
● Variable size vertical dimension. Must be same aspect ratio as video source, with a maximum size of 480.
● Only the active pixel area may be included.
Do not increase the size of a smaller image to meet the minimum size standard. Excessively blurry or pixelated
images will be rejected. Images must be taken directly from the video.
Important CMYK (print standard) images will not be accepted.
Music Video Content Profiles
Music Video Screen Capture Image Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
12HD TV Source Profile
● Apple ProRes 422 (HQ)
●
ITU-R BT.709 color space, file tagged correctly as 709
● VBR expected at 88-220 Mbps
● 1920 x 1080 or 1280 x 720 square pixel aspect ratio material*
● 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97 frame rates are supported
● Native frame rate of original source:
● 29.97 interlaced frames per second video source can be delivered either interlaced or de-interlaced
properly tagged as progressive
● 24 and 25 frames per second must be delivered progressive
● 23.976 frames per second for inverse telecine must be delivered progressive; must not be delivered
interlaced or delivery will fail
● Field dominance must be properly tagged (top field first, bottom field first, or progressive)
● Fields and frames may not be duplicated or eliminated to create a broadcast frame rate (for example,
telecine, NTSC to PAL conversion)
● For mixed frame rate material please contact your iTunes Technical Representative
●
Interlaced content must be correctly tagged as interlaced and field ordering must be defined in the
QuickTime container.
● Crop dimensions should be supplied in the metadata for content with inactive pixels due to letterbox,
pillarbox, or windowbox. Please refer to the iTunes Package TV Specification for further information.
● Content upscaled from SD will be rejected.
* If your mezzanine library is not stored in HD D5 or HDCam-SR, contact your iTunes Technical Representative.
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
13
Television Content ProfilesSD TV Source Profile
NTSC
● MPEG-2 Program Stream Main Profile
● 4:2:0 chroma sampling
●
ITU-R BT.601 color space
● 15 Mbps minimum
● Long GOP
● 640 fixed horizontal dimension
● Variable size vertical dimension depending on aspect ratio of source, maximum size of 480
● Square pixel aspect ratio (1:1)
● Native frame rate of original source:
● 29.97 interlaced frames per second video source can be delivered either interlaced or de-interlaced
properly tagged as progressive
● 24 frames per second must be delivered progressive
● 23.976 frames per second for inverse telecine must be delivered progressive; must not be delivered
interlaced or delivery will fail
● Field dominance must be properly tagged (top field first, bottom field first, or progressive)
● Fields and frames may not be duplicated or eliminated to create a broadcast frame rate (for example,
telecine, NTSC to PAL conversion)
● For mixed frame rate material please contact your iTunes Technical Representative
●
Interlaced content must be tagged non-progressive and field ordering must be defined in the stream.
● Crop inactive pixels and maintain fields. All edges must have active pixels for greater than 90% of the
duration of the video.
● Content may NOT be delivered letterbox, pillarbox, or windowbox.
PAL
● MPEG-2 Program Stream Main Profile
● 4:2:0 chroma sampling
●
ITU-R BT.601 color space
● 15 Mbps minimum
Television Content Profiles
SD TV Source Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
14● Long GOP
● 640 fixed horizontal dimension
● Variable size vertical dimension depending on aspect ratio of source, maximum size of 480
● Square pixel aspect ratio (1:1)
● Native frame rate of original source:
● 25 interlaced frames per second sourced from video must be delivered de-interlaced and properly
tagged as progressive
● 24 and 25 frames per second sourced from film must be delivered progressive
● 23.976 frames per second for inverse telecine must be delivered progressive; must not be delivered
interlaced or delivery will fail
● Field dominance must be properly tagged (top field first, bottom field first, or progressive)
●
Interlaced materials will not be accepted
● Fields and frames may not be duplicated or eliminated to create a broadcast frame rate (for example,
telecine, NTSC to PAL conversion)
● For mixed frame rate material please contact your iTunes Technical Representative
● Crop inactive pixels. All edges must have active pixels for greater than 90% of the duration of the video.
● Content may NOT be delivered letterbox, pillarbox, or windowbox.
Important All video must begin and end with at least one black frame.
TV Audio Source Profile
MPEG-2 Program Stream Container
Stereo
● MPEG-1 layer II
● 384 kpbs
● 48Khz
●
Included in the same file as the delivered video
Television Content Profiles
TV Audio Source Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
15QuickTime Container
Surround
● LPCM in either Big Endian or Little Endian, 16-bit or 24-bit, at least 48kHz
● Expected channels: L, R, C, LFE, Ls, Rs
Stereo
● LPCM in either Big Endian or Little Endian, 16-bit or 24-bit, at least 48kHz
● Expected Dolby Pro Logic channels: Lt, Rt or expected stereo channels: L, R
TV Audio/Video Container
MPEG-2 Program Stream Container
● Deliver all content in an MPEG-2 Program Stream file container.
● The .mpg file extension is expected for all MPEG-2 content.
● Audio must be delivered muxed with the video stream.
QuickTime Container
● Deliver all content in a QuickTime .mov file container.
● The QuickTime .mov file extension is expected for all audio and video content.
Television Content Profiles
TV Audio/Video Container
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
16● Each audio channel must have an assignment. The channel assignments must match one of the options
below. Note that "Lt" and "Rt" are only used for Dolby matrix audio mixdown. If audio doesn't conform,
contact your iTunes Technical Representative.
Option 1
5.1 Surround Tracks Stereo Tracks
L R C Lfe Ls Rs Lt Rt
Track 1 -- six channels Track 2
L R C Lfe Ls Rs Lt Rt
Track 3
One track containing all Surround channels; Matrix Stereo with Lt in one track and Rt channel in another track
L R C Lfe Ls Rs Lt Rt
Option 2
Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 Track 6 Track 7 Track 8
One track for each channel
Option 3
Track 1 -- six channels Track 2 -- two channels
L R C Lfe Ls Rs Lt Rt
One track containing all Surround channels; Matrix Stereo with Lt and Rt channels in one track
L R C Lfe Ls Rs
Option 4
Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 Track 6
One track for each Surround channel; Matrix Stereo with Lt and Rt channels in one track
Track 7 -- two channels
Lt Rt
Option 5
No Surround. Stereo with L in one track and R in another track
L R
Track 1 Track 2
Option 6
No Surround. Stereo with both L and R channels in one track
Track 1 -- two channels
L R
Important Refer to “Table 1: Audio Channel Assignment Labels” (page 36) for label descriptions and “How
to Apply Audio Channel Assignments” (page 30) for instructions on applying audio channel assignments.
TV Closed Captioning Profile
Note Closed captioning can only be sent with ProRes files.
● English text in EIA 608 format.
● Delivered in the same package with the video it references.
●
In a Scenarist SCC formatted file, using .scc file extension.
Television Content Profiles
TV Closed Captioning Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
17● SCC files must be 29.97 regardless of frame rate of the movie file. Note: Captioning workflows utilizing
23.976 FPS timecodes can be accepted but the timecodes will be regarded as 29.97 FPS.
● SCC files should preserve the timecode mode (drop or non-drop) used in your captioning process, not
necessarily the mode represented in the QuickTime movie source.
● SCC files must be validated for proper sync against the associated video file using QuickTime 7 Pro.
● Captionsshould display and synchronize to within one second of the initial, audible dialog to be represented
in text.
The timecodes of the captions are relative to the start of the program, and not the QuickTime movie'stimecode
track.
Currently, the iTunes Store does not support EIA 708 (ATSC closed captioning) or Teletext.
MacCaption is a tool you can use to create .scc files: http://www.cpcweb.com/products/. (Note that this
product is not endorsed by Apple. Apple cannot and does not provide support for third-party products.)
Note If closed caption data is available for any broadcast or web delivery system, it must be suppled
to iTunes.
TV Cover Art Profile
●
JPEG with .jpg extension (quality unconstrained) or PNG with .png extension
● RGB (screen standard)
● 1400 x 1400 pixels minimum size (2400 x 2400 recommended for best results)
● 1:1 aspect ratio
Do not increase the size of a smaller image to meet the minimum size standard. Excessively blurry or pixelated
images will be rejected.
Important CMYK (print standard) images will not be accepted.
Television Content Profiles
TV Cover Art Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
18TV Content Considerations
● No bugs or logos should be visible during the body of the video.
● No tune-ins should be visible during the body of the video. Tune-ins are only acceptable at the end of the
video.
● No ratings or advisories should be displayed at any time during the video.
● Network cards at the beginning and end of the video are accepted as long as they are visible less than
five (5) seconds.
● Commercials or other promotional material, including URLs, are NOT accepted. For more details, please
contact your iTunes Technical Representative.
● Commercial black may be a maximum of 5 seconds.
● Previews must contain content suitable for a general audience.
● Previews must not have opening or ending credits and should not start on a black frame.
● A minimum of 1 black frame at the beginning and end of each video is required.
Television Content Profiles
TV Content Considerations
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
19Film HD Source Profile
● Apple ProRes 422 (HQ)
●
ITU-R BT.709 color space, file tagged correctly as 709
● VBR expected at ~220 Mbps
● 1920 x 1080 square pixel aspect ratio material
● Native frame rate of original source:
● 29.97 interlaced frames per second for video sourced
● 24 or 25 progressive frames per second for film sourced
● 23.976 progressive frames for inverse telecine sourced from film
● Telecine materials will not be accepted
● Content may be delivered matted: letterbox, pillarbox, or windowbox.
Important All videos must begin and end with at least one black frame.
Film SD Source Profile
NTSC
● Apple ProRes 422 (HQ)
● VBR expected at 40-60 Mbps
● 720 x 480 or 720 x 486 encoded pixels; for display at either 853 x 480 for 16:9 content or 640 x 480 for 4:3
content
● All encoded content must include pixel aspect ratio (pasp) that defines content as either 4:3 or 16:9.
● Native frame rate of original source:
● 29.97 frames per second video source can be delivered interlaced
● 24 frames per second must be delivered progressive
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
20
Film Content Profiles● 23.976 frames per second for inverse telecine must be delivered progressive; must not be delivered
interlaced or delivery will fail
● Telecine materials will not be accepted
● Content may be delivered matted: letterbox, pillarbox, or windowbox.
PAL
● Apple ProRes 422 (HQ)
● VBR expected at 40-60 Mbps
● 720 x 576 encoded pixels; for display at either 1024 x 576 for 16:9 content or 768 x 576 for 4:3 content
● All encoded content must include pixel aspect ratio (pasp) that defines content as either 4:3 or 16:9.
● Native frame rate of original source:
● 24 and 25 frames per second sourced from film must be delivered progressive
● 23.976 frames per second for inverse telecine must be delivered progressive; must not be delivered
interlaced or delivery will fail
● Telecine materials will not be accepted
● Content may be delivered matted: letterbox, pillarbox, or windowbox.
25 fps interlaced PAL films are NOT supported.
Important All videos must begin and end with at least one black frame.
Film Audio Source Profile
For every film that 5.1 Surround audio is available in any competing format or market, it must be provided to
iTunes in addition to the stereo tracks.
Surround
● LPCM in either Big Endian or Little Endian, 16-bit or 24-bit, at least 48kHz
● Expected channels: L, R, C, LFE, Ls, Rs
Stereo
● LPCM in either Big Endian or Little Endian, 16-bit or 24-bit, at least 48kHz
● Expected Dolby Pro Logic channels: Lt, Rt or expected stereo channels: L, R
Film Content Profiles
Film Audio Source Profile
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
21Film Audio/Video and Alt-Audio Container
● Deliver all content in a QuickTime .mov file container.
● The QuickTime .mov file extension is expected for all audio and video content.
● Each audio channel must have an assignment. The channel assignments must match one of the options
below:
Option 1
5.1 Surround Tracks Stereo Tracks
L R C Lfe Ls Rs Lt Rt
Track 1 -- six channels Track 2
L R C Lfe Ls Rs Lt Rt
Track 3
One track containing all Surround channels; Matrix Stereo with Lt in one track and Rt channel in another track
L R C Lfe Ls Rs Lt Rt
Option 2
Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 Track 6 Track 7 Track 8
One track for each channel
Option 3
Track 1 -- six channels Track 2 -- two channels
L R C Lfe Ls Rs Lt Rt
One track containing all Surround channels; Matrix Stereo with Lt and Rt channels in one track
L R C Lfe Ls Rs
Option 4
Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 Track 6
One track for each Surround channel; Matrix Stereo with Lt and Rt channels in one track
Track 7 -- two channels
Lt Rt
Option 5
No Surround. Stereo with L in one track and R in another track
L R
Track 1 Track 2
Option 6
No Surround. Stereo with both L and R channels in one track
Track 1 -- two channels
L R
Important Refer to “Table 1: Audio Channel Assignment Labels” (page 36) for label descriptions and
“How to Apply Audio Channel Assignments” (page 30) for instructions on applying audio channel
assignments.
Note For more information on alternate audio, see the “Assets and Data Files” section in the
iTunes Package Film Specification .
Film Content Profiles
Film Audio/Video and Alt-Audio Container
2012-05-22 | © 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
22Film Closed Captioning Profile
● English text in EIA 608 format.
● Delivered in the same package with the video it references.
●
In a Scenarist SCC formatted file, using .scc file extension.
● SCC files must be 29.97 regardless of frame rate of the movie file. Note: Captioning workflows utilizing
23.976 FPS timecodes can be accepted but the timecodes will be regarded as 29.97 FPS.
● SCC files should preserve the timecode mode (drop or non-drop) used in your captioning process, not
necessarily the mode represented in the QuickTime movie source.
● SCC files must be validated for proper sync against the associated video file using QuickTime 7 Pro.
● Captionsshould display and synchronize to within one second of the initial, audible dialog to be represented
in text.
The timecodes of the captions are relative to the start of the program, and not the QuickTime movie'stimecode
track.
Currently, the iTunes Store does not support EIA 708 (ATSC closed captioning) or Teletext.
MacCaption is a tool you can use to create .scc files: http://www.cpcweb.com/products/. (Note that this product
is not endorsed by Apple. Apple cannot and does not provide support for third-party products.)
Note The closed caption file must be provided unless it does not exist.
Film iTunes Timed Text Profile
Below is a summary of delivery requirements for iTunes Timed Text. Refer to Chapter 5 in the iTunes Package
Film Specification for complete details.
● Delivered in an iTunes Timed Text (iTT) formatted file, using .itt file extension.
● Delivered in the same package with the video it references as an asset in the
elements.
If your breaks are specifically intended as line breaks and not paragraph breaks, then you should typically use
NSLineSeparatorCharacter. Otherwise, you may use \n, \r, or \r\n depending on what other software
is likely to process your text. The default choice for Cocoa is usually \n.
Separating a String “by Paragraph”
A common approach to separating a string “by paragraph” is simply to use:
NSArray *arr = [myString componentsSeparatedByString:@"\n"];
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
28
Paragraphs and Line BreaksThis, however, ignores the fact that there are a number of other ways in which a paragraph or line break may
be represented in a string—\r, \r\n, or Unicode separators. Instead you can use methods—such as
lineRangeForRange: or getParagraphStart:end:contentsEnd:forRange:—that take into account
the variety of possible line terminations, as illustrated in the following example.
NSString *string = /* assume this exists */;
unsigned length = [string length];
unsigned paraStart = 0, paraEnd = 0, contentsEnd = 0;
NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray array];
NSRange currentRange;
while (paraEnd < length) {
[string getParagraphStart:¶Start end:¶End
contentsEnd:&contentsEnd forRange:NSMakeRange(paraEnd, 0)];
currentRange = NSMakeRange(paraStart, contentsEnd - paraStart);
[array addObject:[string substringWithRange:currentRange]];
}
Paragraphs and Line Breaks
Separating a String “by Paragraph”
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
29It's common to think of a string as a sequence of characters, but when working with NSString objects, or
with Unicode strings in general, in most cases it is better to deal with substrings rather than with individual
characters. The reason for this is that what the user perceives as a character in text may in many cases be
represented by multiple characters in the string. NSString has a large inventory of methods for properly
handling Unicode strings, which in general make Unicode compliance easy, but there are a few precautions
you should observe.
NSString objects are conceptually UTF-16 with platform endianness. That doesn't necessarily imply anything
about their internalstorage mechanism; what it meansisthat NSString lengths, character indexes, and ranges
are expressed in terms of UTF-16 units, and that the term “character” in NSString method names refers to
16-bit platform-endian UTF-16 units. This is a common convention for string objects. In most cases, clients
don't need to be overly concerned with this; aslong as you are dealing with substrings, the precise interpretation
of the range indexes is not necessarily significant.
The vast majority of Unicode code points used for writing living languages are represented by single UTF-16
units. However, some less common Unicode code points are represented in UTF-16 by surrogate pairs. A
surrogate pair is a sequence of two UTF-16 units, taken from specific reserved ranges, that together represent
a single Unicode code point. CFString has functions for converting between surrogate pairs and the UTF-32
representation of the corresponding Unicode code point. When dealing with NSString objects, one constraint
is that substring boundaries usually should not separate the two halves of a surrogate pair. This is generally
automatic for rangesreturned from most Cocoa methods, but if you are constructing substring ranges yourself
you should keep this in mind. However, this is not the only constraint you should consider.
In many writing systems, a single character may be composed of a base letter plus an accent or other decoration.
The number of possible letters and accents precludes Unicode from representing each combination as a single
code point, so in general such combinations are represented by a base character followed by one or more
combining marks. For compatibility reasons, Unicode does have single code points for a number of the most
common combinations; these are referred to as precomposed forms, and Unicode normalization transformations
can be used to convert between precomposed and decomposed representations. However, even if a string is
fully precomposed, there are still many combinations that must be represented using a base character and
combining marks. For most text processing, substring ranges should be arranged so that their boundaries do
not separate a base character from its associated combining marks.
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
30
Characters and Grapheme ClustersIn addition, there are writing systems in which characters represent a combination of parts that are more
complicated than accent marks. In Korean, for example, a single Hangul syllable can be composed of two or
three subparts known as jamo. In the Indic and Indic-influenced writing systems common throughout South
and Southeast Asia, single written characters often represent combinations of consonants, vowels, and marks
such as viramas, and the Unicode representations of these writing systems often use code points for these
individual parts,so that a single character may be composed of multiple code points. For most text processing,
substring ranges should also be arranged so that their boundaries do not separate the jamo in a single Hangul
syllable, or the components of an Indic consonant cluster.
In general, these combinations—surrogate pairs, base characters plus combining marks, Hangul jamo, and
Indic consonant clusters—are referred to as grapheme clusters. In order to take them into account, you can
use NSString’s rangeOfComposedCharacterSequencesForRange: or
rangeOfComposedCharacterSequenceAtIndex: methods, or
CFStringGetRangeOfComposedCharactersAtIndex. These can be used to adjuststring indexes orsubstring
ranges so that they fall on grapheme cluster boundaries, taking into account all of the constraints mentioned
above. These methods should be the default choice for programmatically determining the boundaries of
user-perceived characters.:
In some cases, Unicode algorithms deal with multiple charactersin waysthat go beyond even grapheme cluster
boundaries. Unicode casing algorithms may convert a single character into multiple characters when going
from lowercase to uppercase; for example, the standard uppercase equivalent of the German character “ß” is
the two-letter sequence “SS”. Localized collation algorithms in many languages consider multiple-character
sequences as single units; for example, the sequence “ch” is treated as a single letter for sorting purposes in
some European languages. In order to deal properly with cases like these, it is important to use standard
NSString methods for such operations as casing, sorting, and searching, and to use them on the entire string
to which they are to apply. Use NSString methods such as lowercaseString, uppercaseString,
capitalizedString, compare: and its variants, rangeOfString: and its variants, and
rangeOfCharacterFromSet: and its variants, or their CFString equivalents. These all take into account the
complexities of Unicode string processing, and the searching and sorting methods in particular have many
options to control the types of equivalences they are to recognize.
In some less common cases, it may be necessary to tailor the definition of grapheme clusters to a particular
need. The issues involved in determining and tailoring grapheme cluster boundaries are covered in detail in
Unicode Standard Annex #29, which gives a number of examples and some algorithms. The Unicode standard
in general is the best source for information about Unicode algorithms and the considerations involved in
processing Unicode strings.
If you are interested in grapheme cluster boundaries from the point of view of cursor movement and insertion
point positioning, and you are using the Cocoa text system, you should know that on OS X v10.5 and later,
NSLayoutManager has API support for determining insertion point positions within a line of text as it is laid
Characters and Grapheme Clusters
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
31out. Note that insertion point boundaries are not identical to glyph boundaries; a ligature glyph in some cases,
such as an “fi” ligature in Latin script, may require an internal insertion point on a user-perceived character
boundary. See Cocoa Text Architecture Guide for more information.
Characters and Grapheme Clusters
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
32An NSCharacterSet object represents a set of Unicode characters. NSString and NSScanner objects use
NSCharacterSet objects to group characters together for searching operations, so that they can find any of
a particular set of characters during a search.
Character Set Basics
A character set object represents a set of Unicode characters. Character sets are represented by instances of a
class cluster. The cluster’s two public classes, NSCharacterSet and NSMutableCharacterSet, declare the
programmatic interface for immutable and mutable character sets, respectively. An immutable character set is
defined when it is created and subsequently cannot be changed. A mutable character set can be changed
after it’s created.
A character set object doesn’t perform any tasks; it simply holds a set of character values to limit operations
on strings. The NSString and NSScanner classes define methods that take NSCharacterSet objects as
argumentsto find any ofseveral characters. For example, this code excerpt findsthe range of the first uppercase
letter in myString:.
NSString *myString = @"some text in an NSString...";
NSCharacterSet *characterSet = [NSCharacterSet uppercaseLetterCharacterSet];
NSRange letterRange = [myString rangeOfCharacterFromSet:characterSet];
After this fragment executes, letterRange.location is equal to the index of the first “N” in “NSString” after
rangeOfCharacterFromSet: isinvoked. If the first letter of the string were “S”, then letterRange.location
would be 0.
Creating Character Sets
NSCharacterSet defines class methodsthat return commonly used charactersets,such asletters(uppercase
or lowercase), decimal digits, whitespace, and so on. These “standard” character sets are always immutable,
even if created by sending a message to NSMutableCharacterSet. See “Standard Character Sets and Unicode
Definitions” (page 35) for more information on standard character sets.
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
33
Character SetsYou can use a standard character set as a starting point for building a custom set by making a mutable copy
of it and changing that. (You can also start from scratch by creating a mutable character set with alloc and
init and adding characters to it.) For example, this fragment creates a character set containing letters, digits,
and basic punctuation:
NSMutableCharacterSet *workingSet = [[NSCharacterSet alphanumericCharacterSet]
mutableCopy];
[workingSet addCharactersInString:@";:,."];
NSCharacterSet *finalCharacterSet = [workingSet copy];
To define a custom character set using Unicode code points, use code similar to the following fragment (which
creates a character set including the form feed and line separator characters):
UniChar chars[] = {0x000C, 0x2028};
NSString *string = [[NSString alloc] initWithCharacters:chars
length:sizeof(chars) / sizeof(UniChar)];
NSCharacterSet *characterSet = [NSCharacterSet
characterSetWithCharactersInString:string];
Performance considerations
Because character sets often participate in performance-critical code, you should be aware of the aspects of
their use that can affect the performance of your application. Mutable character sets are generally much more
expensive than immutable character sets. They consume more memory and are costly to invert (an operation
often performed in scanning a string). Because of this, you should follow these guidelines:
● Create as few mutable character sets as possible.
● Cache character sets (in a global dictionary, perhaps) instead of continually recreating them.
● When creating a custom set that doesn’t need to change after creation, make an immutable copy of the
final character set for actual use, and dispose of the working mutable character set. Alternatively, create
a character set file as described in “Creating a character set file” (page 35) and store it in your application’s
main bundle.
● Similarly, avoid archiving characterset objects;store them in characterset filesinstead. Archiving can result
in a character set being duplicated in different archive files, resulting in wasted disk space and duplicates
in memory for each separate archive read.
Character Sets
Performance considerations
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
34Creating a character set file
If your application frequently uses a custom character set, you should save its definition in a resource file and
load that instead of explicitly adding individual characters each time you need to create the set. You can save
a character set by getting its bitmap representation (an NSData object) and saving that object to a file:
NSData *charSetRep = [finalCharacterSet bitmapRepresentation];
NSURL *dataURL = <#URL for character set#>;
NSError *error;
BOOL result = [charSetRep writeToURL:dataURL options:NSDataWritingAtomic
error:&error];
By convention, characterset filenames use the extension .bitmap. If you intend for othersto use your character
set files, you should follow this convention. To read a character set file with a .bitmap extension, simply use
the characterSetWithContentsOfFile: method.
Standard Character Sets and Unicode Definitions
The standard character sets, such as that returned by letterCharacterSet, are formally defined in terms
of the normative and informative categories established by the Unicode standard, such as Uppercase Letter,
Combining Mark, and so on. The formal definition of a standard character set is in most cases given as one or
more of the categories defined in the standard. For example, the set returned by
lowercaseLetterCharacterSet include all characters in normative category Lowercase Letters, while the
set returned by letterCharacterSet includes the characters in all of the Letter categories.
Note that the definitions of the categoriesthemselves may change with new versions of the Unicode standard.
You can download the files that define category membership from http://www.unicode.org/.
Character Sets
Creating a character set file
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
35An NSScanner object scans the characters of an NSString object, typically interpreting the characters and
converting them into number and string values. You assign the scanner’s string on creation, and the scanner
progresses through the characters of that string from beginning to end as you request items.
Creating a Scanner
NSScanner is a class cluster with a single public class, NSScanner. Generally, you instantiate a scanner object
by invoking the class method scannerWithString: or localizedScannerWithString:. Either method
returns a scanner object initialized with the string you pass to it. The newly created scanner starts at the
beginning of its string. You scan components using the scan... methods such as scanInt:, scanDouble:,
and scanString:intoString:. If you are scanning multiple lines, you typically create a while loop that
continues until the scanner is at the end of the string, as illustrated in the following code fragment:
float aFloat;
NSScanner *theScanner = [NSScanner scannerWithString:aString];
while ([theScanner isAtEnd] == NO) {
[theScanner scanFloat:&aFloat];
// implementation continues...
}
You can configure a scanner to consider or ignore case using the setCaseSensitive: method. By default
a scanner ignores case.
Using a Scanner
Scan operationsstart at the scan location and advance the scanner to just past the last character in the scanned
value representation (if any). For example, after scanning an integer from the string “137 small cases of
bananas”, a scanner’s location will be 3, indicating the space immediately after the number. Often you need
to advance the scan location to skip characters in which you are not interested. You can change the implicit
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
36
Scannersscan location with the setScanLocation: method to skip ahead a certain number of characters (you can
also use the method to rescan a portion of the string after an error). Typically, however, you either want to
skip characters from a particular character set, scan past a specific string, or scan up to a specific string.
You can configure a scanner to skip a set of characters with the setCharactersToBeSkipped: method. A
scanner ignores characters to be skipped at the beginning of any scan operation. Once it finds a scannable
character, however, it includes all characters matching the request. Scanners skip whitespace and newline
characters by default. Note that case is always considered with regard to characters to be skipped. To skip all
English vowels, for example, you must set the characters to be skipped to those in the string “AEIOUaeiou”.
If you want to read content from the current location up to a particular string, you can use
scanUpToString:intoString: (you can pass NULL as the second argument if you simply want to skip the
intervening characters). For example, given the following string:
137 small cases of bananas
you can find the type of container and number of containers using scanUpToString:intoString: asshown
in the following example.
NSString *bananas = @"137 small cases of bananas";
NSString *separatorString = @" of";
NSScanner *aScanner = [NSScanner scannerWithString:bananas];
NSInteger anInteger;
[aScanner scanInteger:&anInteger];
NSString *container;
[aScanner scanUpToString:separatorString intoString:&container];
It is important to note that the search string (separatorString) is " of". By default a scanner ignores
whitespace, so the space character after the integer is ignored. Once the scanner begins to accumulate
characters, however, all characters are added to the output string until the search string is reached. Thus if the
search string is "of" (no space before), the first value of container is “small cases ” (includes the space
following); if the search string is " of" (with a space before), the first value of container is “small cases” (no
space following).
Scanners
Using a Scanner
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
37After scanning up to a given string, the scan location is the beginning of that string. If you want to scan past
thatstring, you must therefore firstscan in the string you scanned up to. The following code fragment illustrates
how to skip past the search string in the previous example and determine the type of product in the container.
Note the use of substringFromIndex: to in effect scan up to the end of a string.
[aScanner scanString:separatorString intoString:NULL];
NSString *product;
product = [[aScanner string] substringFromIndex:[aScanner scanLocation]];
// could also use:
// product = [bananas substringFromIndex:[aScanner scanLocation]];
Example
Suppose you have a string containing lines such as:
Product: Acme Potato Peeler; Cost: 0.98 73
Product: Chef Pierre Pasta Fork; Cost: 0.75 19
Product: Chef Pierre Colander; Cost: 1.27 2
The following example uses alternating scan operationsto extract the product names and costs(costs are read
as a float forsimplicity’ssake),skipping the expected substrings“Product:” and “Cost:”, as well asthe semicolon.
Note that because a scanner skips whitespace and newlines by default, the loop does no special processing
for them (in particular there is no need to do additional whitespace processing to retrieve the final integer).
NSString *string = @"Product: Acme Potato Peeler; Cost: 0.98 73\n\
Product: Chef Pierre Pasta Fork; Cost: 0.75 19\n\
Product: Chef Pierre Colander; Cost: 1.27 2\n";
NSCharacterSet *semicolonSet;
NSScanner *theScanner;
NSString *PRODUCT = @"Product:";
NSString *COST = @"Cost:";
NSString *productName;
float productCost;
Scanners
Example
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
38NSInteger productSold;
semicolonSet = [NSCharacterSet characterSetWithCharactersInString:@";"];
theScanner = [NSScanner scannerWithString:string];
while ([theScanner isAtEnd] == NO)
{
if ([theScanner scanString:PRODUCT intoString:NULL] &&
[theScanner scanUpToCharactersFromSet:semicolonSet
intoString:&productName] &&
[theScanner scanString:@";" intoString:NULL] &&
[theScanner scanString:COST intoString:NULL] &&
[theScanner scanFloat:&productCost] &&
[theScanner scanInteger:&productSold])
{
NSLog(@"Sales of %@: $%1.2f", productName, productCost * productSold);
}
}
Localization
A scanner bases some of its scanning behavior on a locale, which specifies a language and conventions for
value representations. NSScanner uses only the locale’s definition for the decimal separator (given by the key
named NSDecimalSeparator). You can create a scanner with the user’s locale by using
localizedScannerWithString:, or set the locale explicitly using setLocale:. If you use a method that
doesn’t specify a locale, the scanner assumes the default locale values.
Scanners
Localization
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
39NSString provides a rich set of methodsfor manipulating strings asfile-system paths. You can extract a path’s
directory, filename, and extension, expand a tilde expression (such as “~me”) or create one for the user’s home
directory, and clean up paths containing symbolic links, redundant slashes, and references to “.” (current
directory) and “..” (parent directory).
Note: Where possible, you should use instances of NSURL to represent paths—the operating system
deals with URLs more efficiently than with string representations of paths.
Representing a Path
NSString represents paths generically with ‘/’ asthe path separator and ‘.’ asthe extension separator. Methods
that accept strings as path arguments convert these generic representations to the proper system-specific
form as needed. On systems with an implicit root directory, absolute paths begin with a path separator or with
a tilde expression (“~/...” or “~user/...”). Where a device must be specified, you can do that
yourself—introducing a system dependency—or allow the string object to add a default device.
You can create a standardized representation of a path using stringByStandardizingPath. This performs
a number of tasks including:
● Expansion of an initial tilde expression;
● Reduction of empty components and references to the current directory (“//” and “/./”) to single path
separators;
●
In absolute paths, resolution of references to the parent directory (“..”) to the real parent directory;
for example:
NSString *path = @"/usr/bin/./grep";
NSString *standardizedPath = [path stringByStandardizingPath];
// standardizedPath: /usr/bin/grep
path = @"~me";
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
40
String Representations of File PathsstandardizedPath = [path stringByStandardizingPath];
// standardizedPath (assuming conventional naming scheme): /Users/Me
path = @"/usr/include/objc/..";
standardizedPath = [path stringByStandardizingPath];
// standardizedPath: /usr/include
path = @"/private/usr/include";
standardizedPath = [path stringByStandardizingPath];
// standardizedPath: /usr/include
User Directories
The following examples illustrate how you can use NSString’s path utilities and other Cocoa functions to get
the user directories.
// Assuming that users’ home directories are stored in /Users
NSString *meHome = [@"~me" stringByExpandingTildeInPath];
// meHome = @"/Users/me"
NSString *mePublic = [@"~me/Public" stringByExpandingTildeInPath];
// mePublic = @"/Users/me/Public"
You can find the home directory for the current user and for a given user with NSHomeDirectory and
NSHomeDirectoryForUser respectively:
NSString *currentUserHomeDirectory = NSHomeDirectory();
NSString *meHomeDirectory = NSHomeDirectoryForUser(@"me");
Note that you should typically use the function NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains to locate standard
directories for the current user. For example, instead of:
NSString *documentsDirectory =
[NSHomeDirectory() stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Documents"];
String Representations of File Paths
User Directories
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
41you should use:
NSString *documentsDirectory;
NSArray *paths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory,
NSUserDomainMask, YES);
if ([paths count] > 0) {
documentsDirectory = [paths objectAtIndex:0];
}
Path Components
NSString provides a rich set of methods for manipulating strings as file-system paths, for example:
Interprets the receiver as a path and returns the
receiver’s extension, if any.
pathExtension
Returns a new string made by deleting the
extension (if any, and only the last) from the
receiver.
stringByDeletingPathExtension
Returns a new string made by deleting the last
path component from the receiver, along with any
final path separator.
stringByDeletingLastPathComponent
Using these and related methods described in NSString Class Reference , you can extract a path’s directory,
filename, and extension, as illustrated by the following examples.
NSString *documentPath = @"~me/Public/Demo/readme.txt";
NSString *documentDirectory = [documentPath stringByDeletingLastPathComponent];
// documentDirectory = @"~me/Public/Demo"
NSString *documentFilename = [documentPath lastPathComponent];
// documentFilename = @"readme.txt"
NSString *documentExtension = [documentPath pathExtension];
// documentExtension = @"txt"
String Representations of File Paths
Path Components
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
42File Name Completion
You can find possible expansions of file names using
completePathIntoString:caseSensitive:matchesIntoArray:filterTypes:. For example, given
a directory ~/Demo that contains the following files:
ReadMe.txt readme.html readme.rtf recondite.txt test.txt
you can find all possible completions for the path ~/Demo/r as follows:
NSString *partialPath = @"~/Demo/r";
NSString *longestCompletion;
NSArray *outputArray;
unsigned allMatches = [partialPath completePathIntoString:&longestCompletion
caseSensitive:NO
matchesIntoArray:&outputArray
filterTypes:NULL];
// allMatches = 3
// longestCompletion = @"~/Demo/re"
// outputArray = (@"~/Demo/readme.html", "~/Demo/readme.rtf", "~/Demo/recondite.txt")
You can find possible completions for the path ~/Demo/r that have an extension “.txt” or “.rtf” as follows:
NSArray *filterTypes = @[@"txt", @"rtf"];
unsigned textMatches = [partialPath completePathIntoString:&outputName
caseSensitive:NO
matchesIntoArray:&outputArray
filterTypes:filterTypes];
// allMatches = 2
// longestCompletion = @"~/Demo/re"
// outputArray = (@"~/Demo/readme.rtf", @"~/Demo/recondite.txt")
String Representations of File Paths
File Name Completion
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
43You can draw string objects directly in a focused NSView using methods such as
drawAtPoint:withAttributes: (to draw a string with multiple attributes, such as multiple text fonts, you
must use an NSAttributedString object). These methods are described briefly in “Text” in Cocoa Drawing
Guide .
The simple methods, however, are designed for drawing small amounts of text or text that is only drawn
rarely—they create and dispose of various supporting objects every time you call them. To draw strings
repeatedly, it is more efficient to use NSLayoutManager, as described in “Drawing Strings”. For an overview of
the Cocoa text system, of which NSLayoutManager is a part, see Cocoa Text Architecture Guide .
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
44
Drawing StringsThis table describes the changes to String Programming Guide .
Date Notes
2012-07-17 Updated code snippets to adopt new Objective-C features.
Corrected string constant character set to UTF-8. Added guidance about
using localizedStandardCompare: for Finder-like sorting. Added caveat
to avoid using %s with RTL languages. Revised "String Format Specifiers"
article.
2012-06-11
2009-10-15 Added links to Cocoa Core Competencies.
Added new aricle on character clusters; updated list of string format
specifiers.
2008-10-15
2007-10-18 Corrected minor typographical errors.
Added notes regarding NSInteger and NSUInteger to "String Format
Specifiers".
2007-07-10
2007-03-06 Corrected minor typographical errors.
2007-02-08 Corrected sentence fragments and improved the example in "Scanners."
2006-12-05 Added code samples to illustrate searching and path manipulation.
2006-11-07 Made minor revisions to "Scanners" article.
2006-10-03 Added links to path manipulation methods.
2006-06-28 Corrected typographical errors.
Added a new article, "Reading Strings From and Writing Strings To Files
and URLs"; significantly updated "Creating and Converting Strings."
2006-05-23
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
45
Document Revision HistoryDate Notes
Included “Creating a Character Set” into “Character Sets” (page 33).
Changed title from "Strings" to conform to reference consistency
guidelines.
2006-01-10
Added “Formatting String Objects” (page 13) article. Added Data
Formatting and the Core Foundation Strings programming topics to the
introduction.
2004-06-28
Added information about custom Unicode character sets and retrieved
missing code fragments in “Creating a Character Set”. Added information
and cross-reference to “Drawing Strings” (page 44). Rewrote introduction
and added an index.
2004-02-06
Added NSNumericSearch description to “Searching, Comparing, and
Sorting Strings” (page 22).
2003-09-09
2003-03-17 Reinstated the sample code that was missing from “Scanners” (page 36).
Updated “Creating and Converting String Objects” (page 8) to
recommend the use of UTF8 encoding, and noted the pending deprecation
of the cString... methods.
2003-01-17
2002-11-12 Revision history was added to existing topic.
Document Revision History
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
46A
alloc method 34
archiving
character set objects 34
ASCII character encoding
converting string object contents 8
availableStringEncodings method 8
C
C strings
Cocoa string objects and 7
creating and converting 11
character encodings
string manipulation and 8
character sets
custom 34
example code 34
guidelines for use 34
mutable and immutable 33
saving to a file 35
standard 33, 35
characterAtIndex: method 7
characterSetWithContentsOfFile: method 35
compare: method 22
compare:options: method 22, 24
compare:options:range: method 22
comparing strings 22–23
comparison methods for strings 22
componentsSeparatedByString: method 11
current directories
resolving references to 40
D
dataUsingEncoding: method 11, 12
defaultCStringEncoding method 8
description method 13
descriptionWithLocale: method 13
directories
manipulating strings as paths 40, 42
E
encodings, character
string manipulation and 8
EUC character encoding 8
F
file-system paths and strings 42
format strings 13
G
getCharacters:length: method 12
I
init method
for mutable character sets 34
initWithData:encoding: method 8, 11, 12
initWithFormat: method 10
initWithFormat:locale: method 12
ISO Latin 1 character encoding 8
L
length method
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
47
Indexfor string objects 7
letterCharacterSet method 35
localization
scanning strings and 39
value formatting and 13
localizedScannerWithString: method 36, 39
localizedStringWithFormat: method 9, 12
lowercaseLetterCharacterSet method 35
M
myString: method 33
N
NSCharacterSet class 33
NSLayoutManager class 44
NSMutableCharacterSet class 33
NSMutableString class 7, 8
NSScanner class 23, 36–38
NSString class
creating string objects from 8
described 7
methods for representing file-system paths 40
scanners and 36
NSView class 44
P
parent directories
resolving references to 40
paths and strings 42
primitive methods
of NSString 7
printf function
NSString and 13
R
rangeOfCharacterFromSet: method 22, 33
rangeOfCharacterFromSet:options: method 22
rangeOfCharacterFromSet:options:range:
method 22
rangeOfComposedCharacterSequenceAtIndex:
method 23
rangeOfString: method 22
rangeOfString:options: method 22
rangeOfString:options:range: method 22
S
scan... methods 36
scanners 36, 38
instantiating 36
operation of 36
sample code 38
scannerWithString: method 36
scanUpToString:intoString: method 37
search methods
for strings 22
setCaseSensitive: method 36
setCharactersToBeSkipped: method 37
setLocale: method 39
setScanLocation: method 37
Shift-JIS character encoding 8
standard character sets 33, 35
string objects
combining and extracting 10
comparison methods 22
creating and converting 8–12
described 7
drawing 44
searching and comparing 22–23
stringByAppendingFormat: method 10, 12
stringByAppendingString: method 10, 12
stringWithCharacters:length: method 12
stringWithContentsOfFile: method 21
stringWithFormat: method 10
stringWithUTF8String: method 12
substringFromIndex: method 11
substringToIndex: method 11
Index
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
48substringWithRange: method 11
U
Unicode
characters in string objects 8
code points used to define character sets 34
in string objects 7
NSCharacterSet and 33
standard character sets 35
string comparison standard 22
UTF8 character encoding 11
UTF8String method 11, 12
V
value formatting
string conversion and 13
W
writeToFile:atomically: method 21
Index
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
49Apple Inc.
© 1997, 2012 Apple Inc.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, mechanical, electronic,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
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computer for personal use only and to print
copies of documentation for personal use
provided that the documentation contains
Apple’s copyright notice.
No licenses, express or implied, are granted with
respect to any of the technology described in this
document. Apple retains all intellectual property
rights associated with the technology described
in this document. This document is intended to
assist application developers to develop
applications only for Apple-labeled computers.
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Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation
of implied warranties or liability for incidental or
consequential damages, so the above limitation or
exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives
you specific legal rights, and you may also have other
rights which vary from state to state.
Apple AirPort Networks2
1 Contents
Chapter 1 3 Getting Started
5 Configuring an Apple Wireless Device for Internet Access Using AirPort Utility
6 Extending the Range of Your AirPort Network
6 Sharing a USB Hard Disk Connected to an AirPort Extreme Base Station or Time Capsule
6 Printing with an Apple Wireless Device
6 Sharing Your Computer’s Internet Connection
Chapter 2 9 AirPort Security
9 Security for AirPort Networks at Home
10 Security for AirPort Networks in Businesses and Classrooms
11 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and WPA2
Chapter 3 14 AirPort Network Designs
15 Using AirPort Utility
17 Setting Up the AirPort Extreme Network
24 Configuring and Sharing Internet Access
41 Setting Advanced Options
43 Extending the Range of an 802.11n Network
45 Keeping Your Network Secure
49 Directing Network Traffic to a Specific Computer on Your Network (Port Mapping)
51 Logging
52 Using Back to My Mac on your Wireless Network
53 Setting up IPv6
54 Sharing and Securing USB Hard Disks on Your Network
55 Using a Time Capsule in Your Network
55 Connecting a USB Printer to an Apple Wireless Device
56 Adding a Wireless Client to Your 802.11n Network
57 Solving Problems
Chapter 4 59 Behind the Scenes
59 Basic Networking
63 Items That Can Cause Interference with AirPort
Glossary 641
3
1 Getting Started
AirPort offers the easiest way to provide wireless Internet
access and networking anywhere in the home, classroom,
or office.
AirPort is based on the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
802.11n draft specification and provides fast and reliable wireless networking in the
home, classroom, or small office. You can enjoy data transfer rates of up to five times
faster than data rates provided by the 802.11g standard and more than twice the
network range.
The new AirPort Extreme Base Station and the new Time Capsule are based on
simultaneous dual-band technology, so they work in both the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz)
or 5 GHz spectrum at the same time. And they are 100 percent backward-compatible,
so Mac computers and PCs that use 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, or IEEE draft specification
802.11n wireless cards can connect to an AirPort wireless network. They also work
flawlessly with the AirPort Express for wireless music streaming and more. The
AirPort Extreme Base Station and Time Capsule have three additional 10/100/1000BaseT Gigabit Ethernet ports, so you don’t need to include another router in your network.
To set up an AirPort Extreme Base Station, an AirPort Express, or a Time Capsule, you
use AirPort Utility, the easy-to-use setup and management application. AirPort Utility
has a simple user experience, with all software controls accessible from the same
application. It provides better management of several Apple wireless devices, with
client-monitoring features and logging.
If you’re using AirPort Utility version 5.4 or later, you can set up a guest network, in
both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, so that guests can connect to the Internet using
your AirPort network, while you keep your private network secure. You can also choose
to set up guest accounts that expire, to grant temporary access to your network; you
no longer need to give your network password to visitors in your home or office.
You can even set up accounts with time constraints for the best in parental controls.
AirPort Utility supports IPv6 and Bonjour, so you can “advertise” network services such
as printing and sharing a hard disk over the Wide Area Network (WAN) port.4 Chapter 1 Getting Started
Note: When the features discussed in this document apply to the AirPort Extreme Base
Station, AirPort Express, and Time Capsule, the devices are referred to collectively as
Apple wireless devices.
With an AirPort Extreme Base Station or a Time Capsule, you can connect a USB hard
disk so that everyone on the network can back up, store, and share files. Every
Time Capsule includes an internal AirPort disk, so you don’t need to connect an
external one. If you want, you can connect additional USB disks to the USB port on
your Time Capsule. You can also connect a USB printer to the USB port on any
Apple wireless device, so that everyone on the network can access the printer or hub.
All Apple wireless devices provide strong, wireless security. They offer a built-in firewall
and support industry-standard encryption technologies. Yet the simple setup utility
and powerful access controls make it easy for authorized users to connect to the
AirPort network they create.
You can use an Apple wireless device to provide wireless Internet access and share a
single Internet connection among several computers in the following ways:
 Set up the device to act as a router and provide Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to
computers on the network using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and
Network Address Translation (NAT). When the wireless device is connected to a DSL
or cable modem that is connected to the Internet, it receives webpages and email
content from the Internet through its Internet connection, and then sends the
content to wireless-enabled computers, using the wireless network or using Ethernet
if there are computers connected to the Ethernet ports.
 Set up the Apple wireless device to act as a bridge on an existing network that
already has Internet access and a router providing IP addresses. The device passes
IP addresses and the Internet connection to AirPort or wireless-enabled computers,
or computers connected to the wireless device by Ethernet.
This document provides information about the latest AirPort Extreme Base Station,
AirPort Express, and Time Capsule, and detailed information about designing 802.11n
networks with AirPort Utility for computers using Mac OS X v10.5 or later, and
Windows Vista or Windows XP with Service Pack 2. If you’re using previous versions of
Mac OS X, or are setting up earlier versions of AirPort devices, you’ll find more
information at www.apple.com/support/airport.Chapter 1 Getting Started 5
You can set up an Apple wireless device and connect to the Internet wirelessly in
minutes. But because Apple wireless devices are flexible and powerful networking
products, you can also create an AirPort network that does much more. If you want to
design an AirPort network that provides Internet access to non-AirPort computers via
Ethernet, or take advantage of some of your wireless device’s more advanced features,
use this document to design and implement your network. You can find more general
wireless networking information and an overview of AirPort technology in the earlier
AirPort documents, located at www.apple.com/support/manuals/airport.
Note: The images of AirPort Utility in this document are from Mac OS X v10.5. If you’re
using a Windows computer, the images you see in this document may be slightly
different from what you see on your screen.
Configuring an Apple Wireless Device for Internet Access
Using AirPort Utility
Like your computer, Apple wireless devices must be set up with the appropriate
hardware and IP networking information to connect to the Internet. Install
AirPort Utility, which came on the CD with your wireless device, and use it to provide
Internet configuration information and other network settings.
AirPort Utility combines the ease of use of AirPort Setup Assistant and the power of
AirPort Admin Utility. It is installed in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on
a Macintosh computer using Mac OS X, and in Start > All Programs > AirPort on
computers using Windows. AirPort Utility walks you through the setup process by
asking a series of questions to determine how the device’s Internet connection and
other interfaces should be set up. Enter the settings you received from your ISP or
network administrator for Ethernet, PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE), or your local area
network (LAN); give your AirPort network a name and password; set up a device as
a wireless bridge to extend the range of your existing AirPort network; and set other
options.
When you’ve finished entering the settings, AirPort Utility transfers the settings to your
wireless device. Then it connects to the Internet and shares its Internet connection with
computers that join its AirPort network.
You can also create an AirPort network that takes advantage of the more advanced
networking features of Apple wireless devices. To set more advanced AirPort options,
use AirPort Utility to manually set up your wireless device’s configuration, or make
quick adjustments to one you’ve already set up. Some of the AirPort advanced
networking features can be configured only using the manual setup features in
AirPort Utility. 6 Chapter 1 Getting Started
Set up your Apple wireless device manually using AirPort Utility when:
 You want to provide Internet access to computers that connect to the wireless device
using Ethernet
 you’ve already set up your device, but you need to change one setting, such as your
account information
 You need to configure advanced settings such as channel frequency, advanced
security options, closed networks, DHCP lease time, access control, WAN privacy,
power controls, or port mapping or other options
For instructions on using AirPort Utility to manually set up your wireless device and
network, see “Using AirPort Utility” on page 15.
Extending the Range of Your AirPort Network
You can extend the range of your network by using AirPort Utility to set up wireless
connections among several devices in your network, or to connect a device using
Ethernet to create a roaming network. For more information on extending the range of
your network, see “Connecting Additional Wireless Devices to Your AirPort Network” on
page 41.
Sharing a USB Hard Disk Connected to an AirPort Extreme
Base Station or Time Capsule
If you’re using an AirPort Extreme Base Station or a Time Capsule, you can connect a
USB hard disk to it, and computers connected to the network—wired or wireless, Mac
or Windows—can share files using the hard disk. Every Time Capsule includes an
internal AirPort disk, so you don’t need to connect an external one. If you want, you can
connect additional USB disks to the USB port on your Time Capsule. See “Sharing and
Securing USB Hard Disks on Your Network” on page 54.
Printing with an Apple Wireless Device
If you have a compatible USB printer connected to your Apple wireless device,
computers on the AirPort network can use Bonjour (Apple’s zero-configuration
networking technology) to print to the printer. For instructions about printing to a
USB printer from a computer, see “Connecting a USB Printer to an Apple Wireless
Device” on page 55.
Sharing Your Computer’s Internet Connection
If your computer is connected to the Internet, you can share your Internet connection
with other computers using Mac OS X version 10.2 or later, or Windows XP with Service
Pack 2. This is sometimes called using your computer as a software base station.Chapter 1 Getting Started 7
You can share your Internet connection as long as your computer is connected to the
Internet. If your computer goes to sleep or is restarted, or if you lose your Internet
connection, you need to restart Internet sharing.
To start Internet sharing on a computer using Mac OS X v10.5 or later:
1 Open System Preferences and click Sharing.
2 Choose the port you want to use to share your Internet connection from the “Share
your connection using” pop-up menu.
3 Select the port you want to use to share your Internet connection in the “To computers
using” list. You can choose to share your Internet connection with AirPort-enabled
computers or computers with built-in Ethernet, for example.
4 Select Internet Sharing in the Services list.
5 If you want to share your Internet connection with computers using AirPort, click
AirPort Options to give your network a name and password. 8 Chapter 1 Getting Started
To start Internet sharing on a computer using Windows:
1 Open Control Panel from the Start menu, and then click “Network and Internet.”
2 Click “Network and Sharing Center.”
3 Click “Manage network connections” in the Tasks list.
4 Right-click the network connection you want to share, and then select Properties.
5 Click Sharing and then select “Allow other network users to connect through this
computer’s Internet connection.”
Note: If your Internet connection and your local network use the same port (built-in
Ethernet, for example), contact your ISP before you turn on Internet sharing. In some
cases (if you use a cable modem, for example) you might unintentionally affect the
network settings of other ISP customers, and your ISP might terminate your service to
prevent you from disrupting its network.
The following chapters explain AirPort security options, AirPort network design and
setup, and other advanced options.2
9
2 AirPort Security
This chapter provides an overview of the security features
available in AirPort.
Apple has designed its wireless devices to provide several levels of security, so
you can enjoy peace of mind when you access the Internet, manage online financial
transactions, or send and receive email. The AirPort Extreme Base Station and
Time Capsule also include a slot for inserting a lock to deter theft.
For information and instructions for setting up these security features, see “Setting Up
the AirPort Extreme Network” on page 17.
Security for AirPort Networks at Home
Apple gives you ways to protect your wireless AirPort network as well as the data that
travels over it.
NAT Firewall
You can isolate your wireless network with firewall protection. Apple wireless devices
have a built-in Network Address Translation (NAT) firewall that creates a barrier
between your network and the Internet, protecting data from Internet-based IP attacks.
The firewall is automatically turned on when you set up the device to share a single
Internet connection. For computers with a cable or DSL modem, AirPort can actually be
safer than a wired connection.
Closed Network
Creating a closed network keeps the network name and the very existence of your
network private. Prospective users of your network must know the network name
and password to access it. Use AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the
Applications folder on a Macintosh computer using Mac OS X, or in Start > All
Programs > AirPort on a computer using Windows, to create a closed network.10 Chapter 2 AirPort Security
Password Protection and Encryption
AirPort uses password protection and encryption to deliver a level of security
comparable to that of traditional wired networks. Users can be required to enter a
password to log in to the AirPort network. When transmitting data and passwords,
the wireless device uses up to 128-bit encryption, through either Wi-Fi Protected Access
(WPA), WPA2, or Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), to scramble data and help keep
it safe. If you’re setting up an 802.11n-based AirPort device, you can also use WEP
(Transitional Security Network) if both WEP-compatible and WPA/WPA2-compatible
computers will join your network.
Note: WPA security is available only to AirPort Extreme wireless devices; AirPort and
AirPort Extreme clients using Mac OS X 10.3 or later and AirPort 3.3 or later; and to
non-Apple clients using other 802.11 wireless adapters that support WPA. WPA2
security requires firmware version 5.6 or later for an AirPort Extreme Base Station,
firmware version 6.2 or later for an AirPort Express, firmware version 7.3 or later for a
Time Capsule, and a Macintosh computer with an AirPort Extreme wireless card using
AirPort 4.2 or later. If your computer uses Windows XP or Windows Vista, check the
documentation that came with your computer to see if your computer supports WPA2.
Security for AirPort Networks in Businesses and Classrooms
Businesses and schools need to restrict network communications to authorized users
and keep data safe from prying eyes. To meet this need, Apple wireless devices and
software provide a robust suite of security mechanisms. Use AirPort Utility to set up
these advanced security features.
Transmitter Power Control
Because radio waves travel in all directions, they can extend outside the confines of a
specific building. The Transmit Power setting in AirPort Utility lets you adjust the
transmission range of your device’s network. Only users within the network vicinity
have access to the network.
MAC Address Access Control
Every AirPort and wireless card have a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address.
For AirPort Cards and AirPort Extreme Cards, the MAC address is sometimes referred to
as the AirPort ID. Support for MAC address access control lets administrators set up a
list of MAC addresses and restrict access to the network to only those users whose MAC
addresses are in the access control list.Chapter 2 AirPort Security 11
RADIUS Support
The Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) makes securing a large
network easy. RADIUS is an access control protocol that allows a system administrator
to create a central list of the user names and passwords of computers that can access
the network. Placing this list on a centralized server allows many wireless devices to
access the list and makes it easy to update. If the MAC address of a user’s computer
(which is unique to each 802.11 wireless card) is not on your approved MAC address list,
the user cannot join your network.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and WPA2
There has been increasing concern about the vulnerabilities of WEP. In response, the
Wi-Fi Alliance, in conjunction with the IEEE, has developed enhanced, interoperable
security standards called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and WPA2.
WPA and WPA2 use specifications that bring together standards-based, interoperable
security mechanisms that significantly increase the level of data protection and access
control for wireless LANs. WPA and WPA2 provide wireless LAN users with a high-level
assurance that their data remains protected and that only authorized network users
can access the network. A wireless network that uses WPA or WPA2 requires all
computers that access the wireless network to have WPA or WPA2 support. WPA
provides a high level of data protection and (when used in Enterprise mode) requires
user authentication.
The main standards-based technologies that constitute WPA include Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol (TKIP), 802.1X, Message Integrity Check (MIC), and Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP).
TKIP provides enhanced data encryption by addressing the WEP encryption
vulnerabilities, including the frequency with which keys are used to encrypt the
wireless connection. 802.1X and EAP provide the ability to authenticate a user on
the wireless network.
802.1X is a port-based network access control method for wired as well as wireless
networks. The IEEE adopted 802.1X as a standard in August 2001.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing
data packets, altering them, and resending them. The MIC provides a strong
mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and
then compare the MIC. If they do not match, the data is assumed to have been
tampered with and the packet is dropped. If multiple MIC failures occur, the network
may initiate countermeasures.12 Chapter 2 AirPort Security
The EAP protocol known as TLS (Transport Layer Security) presents a user’s information
in the form of digital certificates. A user’s digital certificates can comprise user names
and passwords, smart cards, secure IDs, or any other identity credentials that the IT
administrator is comfortable using. WPA uses a wide variety of standards-based EAP
implementations, including EAP-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS), EAP-Tunnel
Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS), and Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol
(PEAP). AirPort Extreme also supports the Lightweight Extensible Authentication
Protocol (LEAP), a security protocol used by Cisco access points to dynamically assign a
different WEP key to each user. AirPort Extreme is compatible with Cisco’s LEAP security
protocol, enabling AirPort users to join Cisco-hosted wireless networks using LEAP.
In addition to TKIP, WPA2 supports the AES-CCMP encryption protocol. Based on the
very secure AES national standard cipher, combined with sophisticated cryptographic
techniques, AES-CCMP was specifically designed for wireless networks. Migrating from
WEP to WPA2 requires new firmware for the AirPort Extreme Base Station (version 5.6 or
later), and for AirPort Express (version 6.2 or later). Devices using WPA2 mode are not
backward compatible with WEP.
WPA and WPA2 have two modes:
 Personal mode, which relies on the capabilities of TKIP or AES-CCMP without
requiring an authentication server
 Enterprise mode, which uses a separate server, such as a RADIUS server, for user
authentication
WPA and WPA2 Personal
 For home or Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) networks, WPA and WPA2 operates in
Personal mode, taking into account that the typical household or small office does
not have an authentication server. Instead of authenticating with a RADIUS server,
users manually enter a password to log in to the wireless network. When a user
enters the password correctly, the wireless device starts the encryption process using
TKIP or AES-CCMP. TKIP or AES-CCMP takes the original password and derives
encryption keys mathematically from the network password. The encryption key is
regularly changed and rotated so that the same encryption key is never used twice.
Other than entering the network password, the user isn’t required to do anything to
make WPA or WPA2 Personal work in the home.Chapter 2 AirPort Security 13
WPA and WPA2 Enterprise
WPA is a subset of the draft IEEE 802.11i standard and effectively addresses the wireless
local area network (WLAN) security requirements for the enterprise. WPA2 is a full
implementation of the ratified IEEE 802.11i standard. In an enterprise with IT resources,
WPA should be used in conjunction with an authentication server such as RADIUS to
provide centralized access control and management. With this implementation in
place, the need for add-on solutions such as virtual private networks (VPNs) may be
eliminated, at least for securing wireless connections in a network.
For more information about setting up a WPA or WPA2 protected network, see
“Using Wi-Fi Protected Access” on page 45.3
14
3 AirPort Network Designs
This chapter provides overview information and instructions
for the types of AirPort Extreme networks you can set up, and
some of the advanced options of AirPort Extreme.
Use this chapter to design and set up your AirPort Extreme network.
Configuring your Apple wireless device to implement a network design requires
three steps:
Step 1: Setting Up the AirPort Extreme Network
Computers communicate with the wireless device over the AirPort wireless network.
When you set up the AirPort network created by the wireless device, you can name the
wireless network, assign a password that will be needed to join the wireless network,
and set other options.
Step 2: Configuring and Sharing Internet Access
When computers access the Internet through the AirPort Extreme network, the wireless
device connects to the Internet and transmits information to the computers over the
AirPort Extreme network. You provide the wireless device with settings appropriate for
your ISP and configure how the device shares this connection with other computers.
Step 3: Setting Advanced Options
These settings are optional for most users. They include using the Apple wireless device
as a bridge between your AirPort Extreme network and an Ethernet network, setting
advanced security options, extending the AirPort network to other wireless devices,
and fine-tuning other settings.
For specific instructions on all these steps, refer to the sections later in this chapter.
You can do most of your setup and configuration tasks using AirPort Utility, and
following the onscreen instructions to enter your ISP and network information. To set
advanced options, you need to use AirPort Utility to manually set up your Apple
wireless device and AirPort network.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 15
Using AirPort Utility
To set up and configure your computer or Apple wireless device to use AirPort Extreme
for basic wireless networking and Internet access, use AirPort Utility and answer
a series of questions about your Internet settings and how you would like to set up
your network.
1 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on a Mac,
or in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer.
2 Select your device in the list on the left if there is more than one device in your
network. Click Continue, and then follow the onscreen instructions to enter the settings
from your ISP or network administrator for the type of network you want to set up. See
the network diagrams later in this chapter for the types of networks you can set up
using AirPort Utility.
To set up a more complicated network, or to make adjustments to a network you’ve
already set up, use the manual setup features in AirPort Utility.
Setting AirPort preferences
Use AirPort preferences to set up your wireless device to alert you when there are
updates available for your device. You can also set it up to notify you if there are
problems detected, and to provide instructions to help solve the problems.
To set AirPort preferences:
1 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder inside the Applications folder on
a Mac, and in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer.
2 Do one of the following:
 On a Mac, choose AirPort Utility > Preferences
 On a Windows computer, choose File > Preferences16 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
Select from the following checkboxes:
 Select “Check for Updates when opening AirPort Utility” to automatically check the
Apple website for software and firmware updates each time you open AirPort Utility.
 Select the “Check for updates” checkbox, and then choose a time interval from the
pop-up menu, such as weekly, to check for software and firmware updates in the
background. AirPort Utility opens if updates are available.
 Select “Monitor Apple wireless devices for problems” to investigate problems that
may cause the device’s status light to blink amber. With the checkbox selected,
AirPort Utility opens if a problem is detected, and then provides instructions to help
resolve the problem. This option monitors all of the wireless devices on the network.
 Select “Only Apple wireless devices that I have configured” to monitor only the
devices you’ve set up using this computer.
Monitoring devices for problems requires an AirPort wireless device that supports
firmware version 7.0 or later.
To set up your wireless device manually:
1 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on a Mac, or
in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer.
2 Select your device in the list.
3 Choose Base Station > Manual Setup and enter the password if necessary. The default
device password is public.
If you don’t see your wireless device in the list:
1 Open the AirPort status menu in the menu bar on a Mac and make sure that you’ve
joined the AirPort network created by your wireless device. On a Windows computer,
hover the cursor over the wireless network icon in the status tray to make sure the
computer is connected to the correct network.
The default network name for an Apple wireless device is AirPort Network XXXXXX,
where XXXXXX is replaced with the last six digits of the AirPort ID, (or MAC address).
The AirPort ID is printed on the bottom of Apple wireless devices.
2 Make sure your computer’s network and TCP/IP settings are configured properly.
On a computer using Mac OS X, choose AirPort from the Show pop-up menu in the
Network pane of System Preferences. Then choose Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4
pop-up menu in the TCP/IP pane.
On a computer using Windows, right-click the wireless connection icon that displays
the AirPort network, and choose Status. Click Properties, select Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP), and then click Properties. Make sure “Obtain an IP address automatically” is
selected.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 17
If you can’t open the wireless device settings:
1 Make sure your network and TCP/IP settings are configured properly.
On a computer using Mac OS X, select AirPort from the network connection services list
in the Network pane of System Preferences. Click Advanced, and then choose Using
DHCP from the Configure IPv4 pop-up menu in the TCP/IP pane.
On a computer using Windows, right-click the wireless connection icon that displays
the AirPort network, and choose Status. Click Properties, select Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP), and then click Properties. Make sure “Obtain an IP address automatically”
is selected.
2 Make sure you entered the wireless device password correctly. The default password
is public. If you’ve forgotten the device password, you can reset it to public by resetting
the device.
To temporarily reset the device password to public, hold down the reset button for one
second. To reset the device back to its default settings, hold the reset button for five full
seconds.
If you’re on an Ethernet network that has other devices, or you’re using Ethernet to
connect to the device:
AirPort Utility scans the Ethernet network to create the list of devices. As a result, when
you open AirPort Utility, you may see devices that you cannot configure.
Setting Up the AirPort Extreme Network
The first step in configuring your Apple wireless device is setting up the device and the
network it will create. You can set up most features using AirPort Utility and following
the onscreen instructions to enter the information from your ISP or network
administrator.
To configure a network manually or set advanced options, open your wireless device’s
configuration in AirPort Utility and manually set up your device and network.
1 Choose the network of the wireless device you want to configure from the AirPort
status menu on a computer using Mac OS X, or from the wireless connection icon in
the status tray on a computer using Windows.
2 Open AirPort Utility and select the wireless device from the list. If you don’t see the
device you want to configure, click Rescan to scan for available wireless devices, and
then select the one you want from the list. 18 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
3 Choose Base Station > Manual Setup and enter the password if necessary. The default
device password is public.
You can also double-click the name of the wireless device to open its configuration in
a separate window. When you open the manual setup window, the Summary pane is
displayed. The summary pane provides information and status about your wireless
device and network.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 19
If the wireless device reports a problem, the status icon turns yellow. Click Base Station
Status to display the problem and suggestions to resolve it.
Wireless Device Settings
Click the AirPort button, and then click Base Station or Time Capsule, depending on the
device you’re setting up, to enter information about the wireless device.
Give the Device a Name
Give the device an easily identifiable name. This makes it easy for administrators
to locate a specific device on an Ethernet network with several devices.
Change the Device Password
The device password protects its configuration so that only the administrator can
modify it. The default password is public. It is a good idea to change the device
password to prevent unauthorized changes to it.
If the password is not changed from public, you’ll not be prompted for a password
when you select it from the list and click Configure.
Other Information
 Allow configuration over the WAN port. This allows you to administer the wireless
device remotely.
 Advertise the wireless device over the Internet using Bonjour. If you have an account
with a dynamic DNS service, you can connect to it over the Internet.
 Set the device time automatically. If you have access to a Network Time Protocol
server, whether on your network or on the Internet, choose it from the pop-up menu.
This ensures your wireless device is set to the correct time.20 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
Set Device Options
Click Base Station Options and set the following:
 Enter a contact name and location for the wireless device. The name and location are
included in some logs the device generates. The contact and location fields may be
helpful if you’ve more than one wireless device on your network.
 Set status light behavior to either Always On or Flash On Activity. If you choose Flash
On Activity, the device status light blinks when there is network traffic.
 If your wireless device supports it, select “Check for firmware updates” and choose an
increment, such as Daily from the pop-up menu.
Wireless Network Settings
Click Wireless, and enter the network name, radio mode, and other wireless
information.
Setting the Wireless Mode
AirPort Extreme supports two wireless modes:
 Create a wireless network. Choose this option if you’re creating a new
AirPort Extreme network.
 Extend a wireless network. Choose this option if you plan to connect another Apple
wireless device to the network you’re setting up.
Naming the AirPort Extreme Network
Give your AirPort network a name. This name appears in the AirPort status menu on the
AirPort-enabled computers that are in range of your AirPort network.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 21
Choosing the Radio Mode
Choose 802.11a/n - 802.11b/g from the Radio Mode pop-up menu if computers with
802.11a, 802.11n, 802.11g, or 802.11b wireless cards will join the network. Each client
computer will connect to the network and transmit network traffic at the highest
possible speed.
Choose 802.11n - 802.11b/g if only computers with 802.11n, 802.11b, or 802.11g
compatible wireless cards will join the network.
Note: If you don’t want to use an 802.11n radio mode, hold down the Option key and
chose a radio mode that doesn’t include 802.11n.
Changing the Channel
The “channel” is the radio frequency over which your wireless device communicates.
If you use only one device (for example, at home), you probably won’t need to change
the channel frequency. If you set up several wireless devices in a school or office,
use different channel frequencies for devices that are within approximately 150 feet of
each other.
Adjacent wireless devices should have at least 4 channels between their channel
frequencies. So if device A is set to channel 1, device B should be set to channel 6 or 11.
For best results, use channels 1, 6, or 11 when operating your device in the 2.4 GHz
range.
Choose Manually from the Radio Channel Selection pop-up menu, and then click Edit
to set the channels manually.
AirPort-enabled computers automatically tune to the channel frequency your wireless
device is using when they join the AirPort network. If you change the channel
frequency, AirPort client computers do not need to make any changes.
Password-protect Your Network
To password-protect your network, you can choose from a number of wireless security
options. In the AirPort pane of AirPort Utility, click Wireless and choose one of the
following options from the Wireless Security pop-up menu:
 None: Choosing this option turns off all password protection for the network. Any
computer with a wireless adapter or card can join the network, unless the network is
set up to use access control. See “Setting Up Access Control” on page 47.
 WEP: If your device supports it, choose this option and enter a password to protect
your network with a Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) password. Your Apple wireless
device supports 40-bit and 128-bit encryption. To use 40-bit WEP, don’t use an
802.11n radio mode.22 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
 WPA/WPA2 Personal: Choose this option to protect your network with Wi-Fi
Protected Access. You can use a password between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or a
Pre-Shared Key of exactly 64 hexadecimal characters. Computers that support WPA
and computers that support WPA2 can join the network. Choose WPA2 Personal if
you want only computers that support WPA2 to join your network.
 WPA/WPA2 Enterprise: Choose this option if you’re setting up a network that
includes an authentication server, such as a RADIUS server, with individual user
accounts. Enter the IP address and port number for the primary and optional
secondary server, and enter a “shared secret,” which is the password for the server.
Choose WPA2 Enterprise if you want only computers that support WPA2 to join the
network.
 WEP (Transitional Security Network): If your device supports it, you can use this
option to allow computers using WPA or WPA2 to join the network. Computers or
devices that use WEP can also join the network. WEP (Transitional Security Network)
supports 128-bit encryption. To use this option, the wireless device use an 802.11n
radio mode. Hold the Option key on your keyboard while clicking the Wireless
Security pop-up menu to use WEP (Transitional Security Netowrk).
For more information and instructions for setting up WPA or WPA2 on your network,
see “Using Wi-Fi Protected Access” on page 45.
Setting Wireless Options
Click Wireless Options to set additional options for your network.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 23
Setting Additional Wireless Options
Use the Wireless Options pane to set the following:
 5 GHz network name: Provide a name for the 5 GHz segment of the dual-band
network if you want it to have a different name than the 2.4 GHz network.
 Country: Choose the country for the location of your network from the Country
pop-up menu.
 Multicast rate: Choose a multicast rate from the pop-up menu. If you set the
multicast rate high, only clients on the network that are within range and can
achieve the speed you set will receive transmissions.
 Transmit power: Choose a setting from the Transmit Power pop-up menu to set the
network range (the lower the percentage, the shorter the network range).
 WPA Group Key Timeout: Enter a number in the text field, and choose an increment
from the pop-up menu to change the frequency of key rotation.
 Use Wide Channels: If you set up your network to use the 5 GHz frequency range,
you can use wide channels to provide higher network throughput.
Note: Using wide channels is not permitted in some countries.
 Create a closed network: Selecting a closed network hides the name of the
network so that users must enter the exact network name and password to join
the AirPort Extreme network.
 Use interference robustness: Interference robustness can solve interference
problems caused by other devices or networks.
To set more advanced security options, see “Keeping Your Network Secure” on page 45.24 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
Setting up a Guest Network
Click Guest Network and then enter the network name and other options for the guest
network. When you set up a guest network, a portion of your connection to the
Internet is reserved for “guests”, wireless clients that can join the guest network and
connect to the Internet without accessing your private network.
Select “Allow guest network clients to communicate with each other” to allow client
computers to share files and services with each other while they’re connected to the
guest network. Make sure sharing services are set up on the client computers.
Configuring and Sharing Internet Access
The next step is setting up your wireless device’s Internet connection and sharing its
Internet access with client computers. The following sections tell you what to do,
depending on how your device connects to the Internet.
You’re Using a DSL or Cable Modem
In most cases, you can implement this network design using AirPort Utility and
following the onscreen instructions to set up your wireless device and network. You
need to use AirPort Utility to manually set up your device only if you want to set up
or adjust optional advanced settings.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 25
What It Looks Like
How It Works
 The Apple wireless device (in this example, a Time Capsule) connects to the Internet
through its Internet WAN (<) connection to your DSL or cable modem.
 Computers using AirPort or computers connected to the wireless device’s Ethernet
LAN port (G) connect to the Internet through the device.
 The device is set up to use a single, public IP address to connect to the Internet, and
uses DHCP and NAT to share the Internet connection with computers on the network
using private IP addresses.
 AirPort computers and Ethernet computers communicate with one another through
the wireless device.
Important: Connect Ethernet computers that are not connected to the Internet to
the device’s LAN port (G) only. Since the device can provide network services, you
must set it up carefully to avoid interfering with other services on your Ethernet
network.
What You Need for a DSL or Cable Modem Connection
DSL or cable modem
to Internet
to Ethernet port
Time Capsule
< Ethernet WAN port
2.4 or 5 GHz
Components Check Comments
Internet account with DSL or
cable modem service provider
Does your service provider use a
static IP or DHCP configuration?
You can get this information
from your service provider or the
Network preferences pane on
the computer you use to access
the Internet through this service
provider.
Apple wireless device (an AirPort
Extreme Base Station, an AirPort
Express, or a Time Capsule)
Place the device near your DSL
or cable modem.26 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
What to Do
If you’re using AirPort Utility to assist you with configuring the Apple wireless device
for Internet access:
1 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on a Mac,
or in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer.
2 Follow the onscreen instructions and enter the settings you received from your service
provider to connect to the Internet, and then set up the device to share the Internet
connection with computers on the network.
If you’re using AirPort Utility to manually set up your wireless device:
1 Make sure that your DSL or cable modem is connected to the Ethernet WAN port (<)
on your Apple wireless device.
2 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on a Mac,
or in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer. Select your wireless device
and choose Base Station > Manual Setup, or double-click your device’s icon in the list to
open the configuration in a separate window.
3 Click the Internet button. Click Internet Connection and choose Ethernet or PPPoE from
the Connect Using pop-up menu, depending on which one your service provider
requires. If your service provider gave you PPPoE connection software, such as EnterNet
or MacPoET, choose PPPoE.
Note: If you’re connecting to the Internet through a router using PPPoE and your Apple
wireless device is connected to the router via Ethernet, you do not need to use PPPoE
on your wireless device. Choose Ethernet from the Connect Using pop-up menu in the
Internet pane, and deselect the “Distribute IP addresses” checkbox in the Network
pane. Contact your service provider if you aren’t sure which one to select.
4 Choose Manually or Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 pop-up menu if you chose
Ethernet from the Connect Using pop-up menu, depending on how your service
provider provides IP addresses.
 If your provider gave you an IP address and other numbers with your subscription,
use that information to configure the wireless device IP address manually. If you
aren’t sure, ask your service provider. Enter the IP address information in the fields
below the Configure IPv4 pop-up menu.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 27
 If you chose PPPoE, your ISP provides your IP address automatically using DHCP.
If your service provider asks you for the MAC address of your wireless device, use the
address of the Ethernet WAN port (<), printed on the label on the bottom of the
device.
If you’ve already used AirPort Utility to set up your wireless device, the fields below the
Configure IPv4 pop-up menu may already contain the information appropriate for your
service provider.
You can change the WAN Ethernet speed if you have specific requirements for the
network you’re connected to. In most cases, the settings that are configured
automatically are correct. Your service provider should be able to tell you if you need
to adjust these settings.
Changing the WAN Ethernet speed can affect the way the wireless device interacts with
the Internet. Unless your service provider has given you specific settings, use the
automatic settings. Entering the wrong settings can affect network performance.
Contact your service
provider for the
information you should
enter in these fields.
Use this pop-up menu
if you need to adjust
the speed of the
Ethernet WAN port.28 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
If you configure TCP/IP using DHCP, choose Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4
pop-up menu. Your IP information is provided automatically by your ISP using DHCP.
5 If you chose PPPoE from the Connect Using pop-up menu, enter the PPPoE settings
your service provider gave you. Leave the Service Name field blank unless your service
provider requires a service name.
Note: With AirPort, you don’t need to use a third-party PPPoE connection application.
You can connect to the Internet using AirPort.
Your service provider
may require you to
enter information
in these fields.
Contact your
service provider
for the information
you should enter
in these fields.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 29
If you’re connecting to the Internet through a router that uses PPPoE to connect to the
Internet, and your wireless device is connected to the router via Ethernet, you do not
need to use PPPoE on your device. Choose Ethernet from the Connect Using pop-up
menu in the Internet pane, and deselect the “Distribute IP addresses” checkbox in the
Network pane. Because your router is distributing IP addresses, your wireless device
doesn’t need to. More than one device on a network providing IP addresses can cause
problems.
6 Click PPPoE to set PPPoE options for your connection.
 Choose Always On, Automatic, or Manual, depending on how you want to control
when your wireless device is connected to the Internet.
If you choose Always On, your device stays connected to your modem and the
Internet as long as the modem is turned on. If you choose Automatic, the wireless
device connects to the modem, which connects to the Internet when you use an
application that requires an Internet connection, such as email or an instant message
or web application. If you choose Manual, you need to connect the modem to the
Internet when you use an application that requires an Internet connection.
If you chose Automatic or Manual from the Connection pop-up menu, you need to
choose an increment, such as “10 minutes,” from the “Disconnect if idle” pop-up
menu. If you don’t use an Internet application after the increment of time has passed,
you’ll be disconnected from the Internet.
Note: If your wireless device is connected to your modem using an Ethernet LAN
port, and your modem is connected to the Internet using PPPoE, you may not be
able to use the manual setting.30 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
 Enter Domain Name System (DNS) server addresses and a specific domain name your
wireless device accesses when you connect to the Internet.
7 Click the Network button and configure how the device will share its Internet access
with AirPort and Ethernet computers.
If you chose Ethernet from the Connect Using pop-up menu, choose how your device
will share the Internet connection from the Connection Sharing pop-up menu.
 To share a single Internet connection with AirPort computers and computers
connected to the device with Ethernet using DHCP and NAT, choose “Share a public
IP address” from the Connection Sharing pop-up menu. Using DHCP and NAT lets the
wireless device dynamically and automatically assign IP addresses to client
computers, which simplifies each computer’s TCP/IP configuration. See “Setting
DHCP and NAT Options” on page 31.
By default, the wireless device allows other devices, computers using Ethernet, and
computers using AirPort to communicate with each other using non-IP protocols like
AppleTalk. If you want to connect an AppleTalk Ethernet printer to the Apple wireless
device or use AppleTalk between wired and wireless computers, make sure the
devices are connected to the Ethernet LAN port (G) on the device.
 To distribute a range of IP addresses using only DHCP, choose “Distribute a range of
IP addresses.” See “Setting DHCP Only Options” on page 33.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 31
 If you don’t want your wireless device to share its IP address, choose “Off (Bridge
Mode).” If you set up your device in bridge mode, AirPort computers have access to
all services on the Ethernet network, and the device does not provide Internet
sharing services. See “You’re Using an Existing Ethernet Network” on page 37 for
more information about setting up your wireless device as a bridge.
Using the wireless device as a bridge can be a way to address incompatibilities
between the device’s Internet sharing features and your ISP’s connection method.
Setting DHCP and NAT Options
If you chose “Share a public IP address” from the Connection Sharing pop-up menu,
you can set DHCP and NAT options. Click DHCP.
 Choose a range of IP addresses from the DHCP Range pop-up menu. Choose 10.0,
192.168, or 172.16 and then enter a beginning and ending address in the DHCP
Beginning Address and the DHCP Ending Address fields, depending on which
addresses you want the wireless device to provide.
 Enter a number in the DHCP Lease field, and then choose minutes, hours, or days
from the pop-up menu.
 Type a welcome message in the DHCP Message field. This message is displayed when
a computer joins your network.
 If your network is set up to use a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) server
on your network, you can enter the address of the server in the LDAP Server field,
and computers on your network will have access to it.32 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
 To provide specific IP addresses to specific computers on your wireless network,
click the Add (+) button below the DHCP Reservations list, and follow the onscreen
instructions to name the reservation and reserve the address by MAC address or
DHCP client ID. If you choose MAC address, click Continue and enter the MAC
address and specific IP address.
Next you can set NAT options for the network. Click NAT.
 You can set up a default host on your network. A default host (sometimes known as
a DMZ) is a computer on your network that is exposed to the Internet and receives
all inbound traffic. A default host may be useful if you use a computer on your
AirPort network to play network games, or want to route all Internet traffic through
a single computer.
 You can set up NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP). NAT-PMP is an Internet
Engineering Task Force Internet Draft, an alternative to the more common Universal
Plug and Play (UPnP) protocol implemented in many network address translation
(NAT) routers. NAT-PMP allows a computer in a private network (behind a NAT router)
to automatically configure the router to allow parties outside the private network to
contact this computer.
Included in the protocol is a method for retrieving the public IP address of a NAT
gateway, allowing a client to make this public IP address and port number known to
peers that may wish to communicate with it. This protocol is implemented in current
Apple products, including Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger and later, AirPort Extreme, AirPort
Express, and Time Capsule networking products, and Bonjour for Windows.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 33
You can also set up port mapping. To ensure that requests are properly routed to your
web, AppleShare, or FTP server, or a specific computer on your network, you need to
establish a permanent IP address for the server or computer, and provide “inbound port
mapping” information to the Apple wireless device. See “Directing Network Traffic to a
Specific Computer on Your Network (Port Mapping)” on page 49.
Setting DHCP Only Options
If you chose “Distribute a range of IP addresses” from the Connection Sharing pop-up
menu, your wireless device is set up to use DHCP to distribute a range of IP addresses
using only DHCP. You cannot use NAT if you chose this option. Click DHCP and enter
the beginning and ending addresses you want to distribute to computers joining your
wireless network.
You can set the additional DHCP options, such as DHCP Lease, DHCP Message, and
other options following the instructions above.
Setting Up Client Computers
To configure TCP/IP on client computers using Mac OS X v10.5:
1 Open System Preferences on the client computer and then click Network.
2 Do one of the following:
a If the client computer is using AirPort, select AirPort in the network connection
services list, and then click Advanced.34 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
Next, choose DHCP from the Configure IPv4 pop-up menu.
b If you enabled a DHCP server when you set up the wireless device’s network, and the
client computer is using Ethernet, select Ethernet in the network connection services
list, and then choose Using DHCP from the Configure pop-up menu.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 35
c If you selected “Distribute a range of IP addresses” when you set up the wireless
device’s network, you can provide Internet access to client computers using
Ethernet by setting the client IP addresses manually. Select Ethernet in the
network connection services list, and then choose Manually from the Configure
pop-up menu.
When you configure Ethernet clients manually for a wireless device that provides
NAT over Ethernet, you can use IP addresses in the range 10.0.1.2 to 10.0.1.200.
In the Subnet Mask field, enter 255.255.255.0. In the Router field, enter 10.0.1.1.
Enter the same name server address and search domain information that you
entered in the wireless device configuration.
To configure TCP/IP on client computers using Windows
Make sure you’ve installed the wireless adapter in your computer and the software
necessary to set up the adapter.
To configure TCP/IP on client computers:
1 Open Control Panel from the Start menu, and then click “Network and Internet.”
2 Click “Network and Sharing Center.”
3 Click “Manage network connections” in the Tasks list.
4 Right-click the wireless connection you want to share, and then select Properties.
Enter the IP and router
addresses from the range
your device is providing.
Enter the DNS and Search
Domain addresses if
necessary.36 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
5 Click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4), and then click Properties.
 If you chose “Share a public IP address” in the Network pane of AirPort Utility, select
“Obtain an IP address automatically.”
 If you chose “Distribute a range of IP addresses” when you set up the wireless device’s
network, you can provide Internet access to client computers by setting the client IP
addresses manually. Select “Use the following IP address.”
When you configure clients manually for a wireless device that provides NAT service,
use IP addresses in the range 10.0.1.2 to 10.0.1.200, 172.16.1.2 to 172.16.1.200, or
192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.200.
In the “Subnet mask” field, enter 255.255.255.0. In the “Default gateway” field, enter
10.0.1.1, 172.16.1.1, or 192.168.1.1, depending on which addressing scheme you used. Enter
the same name server address and search domain information that you entered in the
wireless device configuration.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 37
You’re Using an Existing Ethernet Network
You can use AirPort Utility to easily set up the Apple wireless device for Internet access
through an existing Ethernet network that already has a router, switch, or other
network device providing IP addresses. Use the manual setup features of AirPort Utility
if you need to adjust optional advanced settings.
What It Looks Like
How It Works
 The Apple wireless device (in this example, a Time Capsule) uses your Ethernet
network to communicate with the Internet through the Ethernet WAN port (<).
 AirPort and Ethernet clients access the Internet and the Ethernet network through
the Apple wireless device.
What You Need for an Ethernet Connection
Router
to Internet
to Ethernet port
Time Capsule